The Effect of Plasma–Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing of a Medium Carbon Steel Surface on Friction and Wear in Pair with Tin–Lead Bronze
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples Processing
2.2. Study of Phase Composition
2.3. The Microhardness Tests
2.4. Surface Characterization and Microstructure Analysis
2.5. Tribological Tests
2.6. Contact Stiffness Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Friction Coefficient
3.2. Wear Resistance
3.3. Friction Track Analysis
3.4. Surface Microgeometry Parameters
3.5. Structure and Microhardness of the Nitrocarburized Layer
3.6. Phase Composition of the Nitrocarburized Surface
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (a)
- It is shown that PENC of medium carbon steel in a carbamide-based electrolyte solution at temperatures from 550 to 850 °C reduces the friction coefficient and wear of the rubbing parts while working with bronze. PENC of the steel surface increases the contact stiffness and wear resistance of the steel–bronze friction pair.
- (b)
- The coefficient of friction and wear of the sample and the counterbody decrease as the sliding distance increases. The minimum values of the coefficient of friction and wear were registered at the end of the fifth kilometer of friction distance.
- (c)
- The change in the tribological characteristics of the friction pair with increasing sliding distance is explained by the structure and phase composition of gradually abraded layers. The high hardness of the hardened zone, combined with the influence of dispersed iron nitrides and carbonitrides distributed in it, ensures a minimum coefficient of friction and wear of both of the rubbing parts at the fourth and fifth kilometers of the test.
- (d)
- Within the tribological tests, the type of wear was found to be fatigue in dry friction conditions with plastic contact.
- (e)
- The optimal PENC mode providing the lowest values of both the coefficient of friction and weight loss of the rubbing parts was established. The 700 °C PENC sample demonstrated a final coefficient of friction of 0.261, which is 2.3 less than that of an untreated reference sample, while wear was 24.9 times less. Over the last 2 km of the test, the counterbody lost 5.9 times less weight in comparison with the reference pair. The contact stiffness after PENC at 700 °C was 2.6 times greater than in a friction pair with an untreated sample. The high tribological properties of the 700 °C PENC sample are explained by the high microhardness of the surface without copper transfer in the friction contact zone and by the iron nitrides and carbonitrides distributed over the modified layer.
- (f)
- The optimum value has been established, which provides the minimum values of both the friction coefficient and weight loss of the sample and the counterbody at any test kilometer.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Untreated (Control) | PENC Temperature (°C) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
550 | 600 | 650 | 700 | 750 | 800 | 850 | ||
r (μm) | 67 ± 2 | 39 ± 1 | 43 ± 1 | 58 ± 1 | 155 ± 4 | 153 ± 4 | 127 ± 3 | 147 ± 4 |
h (μm) | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 |
Δ | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 |
Kp | 16.8 ± 5.7 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 |
j (MPa/μm) | 0.045 ± 0.001 | 0.080 ± 0.002 | 0.076 ± 0.002 | 0.074 ± 0.002 | 0.116 ± 0.003 | 0.103 ± 0.003 | 0.100 ± 0.003 | 0.111 ± 0.003 |
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Borisov, A.; Mukhacheva, T.; Kusmanov, S.; Suminov, I.; Podrabinnik, P.; Meleshkin, Y.; Grigoriev, S. The Effect of Plasma–Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing of a Medium Carbon Steel Surface on Friction and Wear in Pair with Tin–Lead Bronze. Metals 2023, 13, 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101731
Borisov A, Mukhacheva T, Kusmanov S, Suminov I, Podrabinnik P, Meleshkin Y, Grigoriev S. The Effect of Plasma–Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing of a Medium Carbon Steel Surface on Friction and Wear in Pair with Tin–Lead Bronze. Metals. 2023; 13(10):1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101731
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorisov, Anatoly, Tatiana Mukhacheva, Sergei Kusmanov, Igor Suminov, Pavel Podrabinnik, Yaroslav Meleshkin, and Sergey Grigoriev. 2023. "The Effect of Plasma–Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing of a Medium Carbon Steel Surface on Friction and Wear in Pair with Tin–Lead Bronze" Metals 13, no. 10: 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101731