Assessment of the Impact of Hydraulic Binder on the Properties of the Cold Recycled Mixture with Foamed Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion: Field Tests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subject of the Test
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Binding Agents
3.2. Aggregate
3.3. Mix Design of the Cold-Recycled Mixture
3.4. Methodology
3.4.1. Density
3.4.2. Dry Bulk Density
3.4.3. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITSDRY)
3.4.4. Compressive Strength
3.4.5. Deformation Modulus
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties
4.2. Assessment of the Deformation Modulus of the Recycled Base Course
5. Conclusions
- The density (ρmc) and dry bulk density (ρbdry) indicate that, irrespective of the type of hydraulic binder, the cold-recycled mixture with foamed bitumen (MCAS) achieves greater density that the mixture with bitumen emulsion (MCE). The density of the mixture with foamed bitumen is approx. 0.050 Mg/m3 higher, and the dry bulk density is approx. 0.020 Mg/m3 higher.
- The air void content was slightly lower for the cold-recycled mixture with bitumen emulsion (MCE). The average air void content (Vm) was approximately 11.0%.
- Irrespective of the type of bituminous binder, lower indirect tensile strength (ITS) was achieved for the hydraulic binder produced by mixing “5C”. The indirect tensile strength (ITS) of the cold-recycled mixture containing Portland cement was almost two times higher.
- The minimum required strength for the cold-recycled mixture with foamed bitumen (MCAS) and bitumen emulsion (MCE) could be achieved after approx. 3 days of curing of the layer.
- It is possible to obtain the required load-bearing capacity of the subbase with a hydraulic binder of much lower strength parameters.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bitumen for Roads | Penetration (0.1 mm) | TPiK (°C) | TFraass (°C) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD |
70/100 | 75.80 | 2.15 | 45.2 | 0.03 | −17.9 | 0.55 |
Component | Units | Bitumen Emulsion—C60B10 ZM/R |
---|---|---|
Binder content | % (m/m) | 60 |
Mixing stability with cement | g | 1.0 |
0.5 mm sieve residue | % (m/m) | 0.04 |
Efflux time Ø2 mm at 40 °C | s | 32 |
Adhesion to aggregate | % | 85 |
Property | Test | Units | CEM I 32.5R | HRB* “5C” |
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial setting time | EN 196-3 [17] | min | 200 | 265 |
Final setting time | min | 265 | 460 | |
Compressive strength at 7 days | EN 196-1 [18] | MPa | 34.2 | 7.7 |
Compressive strength at 28 days | MPa | 46.8 | 13.6 | |
Volume constancy | EN 196-3 [17] | mm | 9 | 17 |
Specific surface area | EN 196-6 [19] | cm2/g | 4282 | 5010 |
Component | Density ρa (kg/m3) | Share (%) of Ingredients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCAS-CEM | MCAS-“5C” | MCE-CEM | MCE-“5C” | ||
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP # 31.5 mm) | 2547 | 37.6 | 37.6 | 37.6 | 37.6 |
0/31.5 mm natural aggregate | 2661 | 56.4 | 56.4 | 56.4 | 56.4 |
CEM I 32.5R Portland cement | 3010 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | - |
“5C” hydraulic binder | 2860 | - | 3.0 | - | 3.0 |
50/70 foamed bitumen | 1020 | 3.0 | - | - | - |
C60B10 ZM/R bitumen emulsion * | 1010 | - | - | 3.0 * | 3.0 * |
Mixture | ρmv (kg/m3) | ρbdry (kg/m3) | Vm (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | s | ν (%) | X | s | ν (%) | X | s | ν (%) | |
MCAS + CEM | 2428 | 9.0 | 0.4 | 2139 | 8.0 | 0.4 | 11.9 | 0.9 | 7.6 |
MCAS + 5C | 2425 | 7.0 | 0.3 | 2161 | 7.0 | 0.3 | 10.9 | 1.0 | 8.8 |
MCE + CEM | 2381 | 9.0 | 0.4 | 2127 | 8.0 | 0.4 | 10.7 | 0.8 | 7.1 |
MCE + 5C | 2370 | 12.0 | 0.5 | 2136 | 13.0 | 0.6 | 9.9 | 0.6 | 6.1 |
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Buczyński, P.; Iwański, M.; Krasowski, J. Assessment of the Impact of Hydraulic Binder on the Properties of the Cold Recycled Mixture with Foamed Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion: Field Tests. Buildings 2020, 10, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120223
Buczyński P, Iwański M, Krasowski J. Assessment of the Impact of Hydraulic Binder on the Properties of the Cold Recycled Mixture with Foamed Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion: Field Tests. Buildings. 2020; 10(12):223. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120223
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuczyński, Przemysław, Marek Iwański, and Jakub Krasowski. 2020. "Assessment of the Impact of Hydraulic Binder on the Properties of the Cold Recycled Mixture with Foamed Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion: Field Tests" Buildings 10, no. 12: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120223