The Effect of Daylight Illumination in Nursing Buildings on Reading Comfort of Elderly Persons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Subjects
2.2. Reading Materials
2.3. Daylight Illumination Measurement
2.4. Visual Comfort Level Measurement
2.4.1. Measurement of Skin Conductance
2.4.2. Subjective Questionnaire
2.5. Experimental Process
3. Results
3.1. Daylight Illumination Measurement Results
3.2. Influence of Daylight Illumination on Visual Comfort
3.2.1. Data Preprocessing
Analysis of Covariance
SC Time-Domain Mean Value Normalization
3.2.2. State Arousal
Correlation Analysis
Cumulative Analysis
3.2.3. Visual Comfort
Correlation Analysis
Descriptive Analysis
- When the illumination was 300 and 400 lx, the proportion of “Comfortable” and “Very Uncomfortable” below 3 points was very high, reaching 96.66% and 63.33%, respectively. At 500 lx, the proportion of “Normal” had the highest proportion, reaching 63.33%.
- At 600 and 700 lx, the proportion of “Comfortable” and “Very Comfortable” more than 3 points was very high, accounting for 93.33% and 86.67%, respectively. At 800 lx, the proportion over 3 points still exceeded half, accounting for 56.67%. The proportion of “Normal” of 3 points also reached 40%, and the proportion of less than 3 points was only 3.33%.
- At 900 lx, the proportion of “Uncomfortable” and “Very Uncomfortable” below 3 points was 30%. The largest proportion is 3 points for "Normal"., accounting for 46.67%. At 1000 lx, the proportion of “Uncomfortable” and “Very Uncomfortable” below 3 points was 40%, close to the proportion of “Normal” (46.67%).
3.3. Daylight Illumination Threshold Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- At daylight illumination of 300–500 lx, subjective visual comfort rose, in addition to state arousal, a process in which the elderly persons became progressively more engaged.
- At daylight illumination of 600–800 lx, subjective comfort decreased from its highest point, but remained in the “comfort” category, while state arousal continued to increase.
- At daylight illumination of 800 lx, the active state of the elderly compensated for some of the stress caused by the light environment.
- At daylight illumination of 900 lx, although the subjective visual comfort rating was close to “normal”, the comments were polarized and it was difficult to determine whether the increase in state arousal was due to positive or negative factors.
- When the lighting was dim, the elderly persons had low state arousal and found it harder to engage in reading tasks. As the degree of illumination rose, so did the arousal level, and the body state of the elderly gradually became more active. When the illumination level exceeded a specific threshold, however, the arousal level dropped dramatically.
- The most comfortable reading illumination level for the elderly persons was between 600 and 800 lx, with 700 lx providing the best performance. The ranking of the visual comfort levels of the daily illuminance values under reading behavior is shown in Figure 13.
6. Limitation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Timetable | 5:00–6:00 | 6:00–8:00 | 8:00–10:00 | 10:00–12:00 | 12:00–14:00 | 14:00–16:00 | 16:00–18:00 | 18:00–21:00 | 21:00–05:00 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bed room | B | I | A | K | L, E | D | K | ||
Dining room | L | L | |||||||
Chess room | J | H | |||||||
Reading room | |||||||||
Outdoor | F | G | N | ||||||
Foyer | M |
Data Summary | |
---|---|
Illumination range | 300–1000 lx |
The total number of data | 217 |
The number of data group | 8 |
The number of valid data under each group | 25–30 |
Dependent Variable: SC Time-Domain Mean Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Type III Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p (Sig.) |
Modified model | 1033.506 a | 8 | 129.188 | 525.045 | 0.000 |
Intercept Distance | 9.049 | 1 | 9.049 | 36.775 | 0.000 |
Baseline | 1028.447 | 1 | 1028.447 | 4179.796 | 0.000 |
Illumination | 5.060 | 7 | 0.723 | 2.938 | 0.006 |
error | 56.838 | 231 | 0.246 | ||
Total | 3256.463 | 240 | |||
Total after correction | 1090.344 | 239 |
Dependent Variable: SC Time-Domain Mean Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | Degrees Of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p (Sig.) | |
Contrast | 5.060 | 7 | 0.723 | 2.938 | 0.006 |
error | 56.838 | 231 | 0.246 |
Illuminance | Δk | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spearman Rho | Illumination | Correlation coefficient | 1.000 | 0.108 |
Significance (2-tailed) | - | 0.097 | ||
Number of cases | 217 | 240 | ||
Δk | Correlation coefficient | 0.108 | 1.000 | |
Significance (2-talied | 0.097 | - | ||
Number of cases | 217 | 240 |
Δk | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F | p (Sig.) | |
Between groups | 51.523 | 7 | 7.360 | 6.203 | 0.000 |
Within group | 242.047 | 204 | 1.187 | ||
total | 293.570 | 211 |
Illumination (lx) | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1000 |
Cumulative Δk | 1.93 | 3.06 | 3.51 | 5.34 | 7.66 | 6.85 | 7.18 | 2.04 |
Questionnaire Score | Illuminance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spearman Rho | Questionnaire score | Correlation coefficient | 1.000 | 0.312 |
Significance (2-tailed) | - | 0.000 | ||
Number of cases | 240 | 240 | ||
Illumination | Correlation coefficient | 0.312 | 1.000 | |
Significance (2-tailed) | 0.000 | - | ||
Number of cases | 240 | 240 |
Illuminatio (lx) | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1000 |
Average score | 1.6 | 2.36 | 3.04 | 4.36 | 4.07 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.69 |
Trend of Visual Feeling | Uncomfortable (n < 3 Points) | Normal (3.1 > n > 2.9) | Comfortable (n > 3 Points) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illumination (lx) | 300 | 400 | 1000 | 900 | 500 | 800 | 600 | 700 |
Scores of visual comfort (n) | 1.6 | 2.36 | 2.69 | 2.9 | 3.04 | 3.6 | 4.36 | 4.07 |
ArousalLevel (Δk) | 1.93 | 3.06 | 2.04 | 7.18 | 3.51 | 6.85 | 5.34 | 7.66 |
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Fu, Y.; Wu, Y.; Gao, W.; Hui, R. The Effect of Daylight Illumination in Nursing Buildings on Reading Comfort of Elderly Persons. Buildings 2022, 12, 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020214
Fu Y, Wu Y, Gao W, Hui R. The Effect of Daylight Illumination in Nursing Buildings on Reading Comfort of Elderly Persons. Buildings. 2022; 12(2):214. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020214
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Yao, Yue Wu, Weijun Gao, and Rong Hui. 2022. "The Effect of Daylight Illumination in Nursing Buildings on Reading Comfort of Elderly Persons" Buildings 12, no. 2: 214. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020214