Visual Integration Relationship between Buildings and the Natural Environment Based on Eye Movement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Relationship between Visual Perception and Architectural Representation
2.2. Visual Integration between Building and the Natural Environment
2.3. Factors Influencing the Visual Representation of Building in the Natural Environment
2.4. Eye-Movement Behaviour and Architectural Visual Representation
3. Research Design
3.1. Research Object
3.1.1. Cases
3.1.2. Subjects Selected
3.2. Research Methods and Procedures
3.2.1. Fixation Time Experiment
3.2.2. Fixation Track Experiment
3.2.3. The Number of Fixation Points Experiment
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of the Visual Attraction of Building Based on Fixation Time
4.2. Correlation Analysis of Building and the Environment Based on Fixation Trajectory
4.3. Analysis of Building Information Search Quantity Based on the Number of Fixation Points
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOI | Area of Interest |
S/L | The ratio of the shorter side (S) to longer side (L) of building blocks |
H | Hue |
S | Saturation |
B | Brightness |
FDOTS | Fixation duration on the sample |
FDOTBR | Fixation duration on the building region |
FDOTER | Fixation duration on the environment region |
TTFFOTBR | Time to first fixation on the building region |
ARCOTBR | Average regression count on the building region |
ASOTS | Average saccade on the sample |
AFCOTBR | Average fixation counts on the building region |
AFCOTS | Average fixation counts on the sample |
Appendix A
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No. | Title | Author | Year | Research Content |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye | R. Arnheim | 1974 | This book explores 10 aspects of vision in art: balance, shape, form, development, space, light, color, movement, tension, and expression. Applying Gestalt psychology to the analysis of visual art, this paper offers many valuable insights. |
2 | Cognitive Architecture: Designing for How We Respond to the Built Environment. | A. Sussman, J. B. Hollander | 2021 | This article summarizes the analysis of several architectural cases and outlines the CA (Cognitive Architecture) principles, which illustrate how humans adapt to the built environment from a cognitive perspective. |
3 | Visual impact assessment of the Istanbul Land-wall. | H. Ögçe, H. Müderrisoğlu, and S. Uzun | 2019 | This article takes 24 different photographs and examines the reactions to them by an expert and a public sample group. After that, they evaluate the visual impact of the Istanbul Land-wall and contribute to future design/planning stages. |
4 | Effects of different landscape visual stimuli on psychophysiological responses in Chinese students. | M. Jiang, A. Hassan, Q. Chen, and Y. Liu | 2019 | This article examines the physiological (electroencephalography (EEG)) and psychological (the semantic differential method (SDM) and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)) responses of adults viewing different landscape pictures. They find out that different landscape pictures have psychophysiological relaxation effects on adults. |
No. | Title | Author | Year | Research Content |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Forms and Functions of 20th Century Architecture: The Principles of Composition | T. Hamlin | 1952 | The principles of architectural beauty (unity, balance, proportion, scale, rhythm, character, style, etc.) are used to explain the connotations of architectural beauty and the relationship between structure, materials, and architectural form. |
2 | Architecture:Form, Space and Order | F. K. Ching | 1996 | This article uses drawings to show the relationship between the basic elements of buildings. Exploring relationships between points, lines, planes, volumes, and other elements, it summarizes the regularity of architectural form, space and order and reflects the intention of studying architectural form in relation to principles of morphology. |
3 | The research on theevaluation of visualenvironment quality of vernacular landscape in Guanzhong region based on behavioralpsychological preference | Y. Y. Ren | 2019 | This article analyzes the influence of vernacular buildings on the visual environment of the natural landscape in the Guanzhong region from the perspective of behavioral and psychological preference. It uses Analytic Hierarchy Process analysis to determine the influence of the distribution, layout, color, and material of the building on the visual environment, based on which we propose a renovation design strategy for the distribution and layout of the building. |
4 | The research on thevisual order of building plan layout form and street building space | Y. Chen, H. M. Yan | 2021 | Based on the correlation between building layout and the visual order of street building space, this paper points out the critical influence of building layout on the visual order of street building space and proposes corresponding design strategies. |
5 | Research on the iconic creation strategy of architectural clusters based on visual-perception theory | T. Yu | 2019 | Through investigations, this article studies people’s visual perceptual elements in architectural clusters. Then it clarifies and analyses the relationship between the figure base and architectural creation. Finally, it proposes a design approach that should be based on the function, scale, and environment of the architectural cluster. |
6 | A study on the control of architectural groupcontours in the context of mountains withvisual perceptualpreferences | J. R. Zhou | 2018 | This article uses photographs as samples to explore the relationship between public preference and quantitative control indicators of building complex contour lines in a mountain context. It is found that five quantitative control indicators have a strong influence on the value of public preference, and they are suggested as a single quantitative control indicator affecting the value of public preference, and design strategies are proposed accordingly. |
7 | Research on building-height control planning around urban parksbased on sightlineanalysis | Z. Zhao | 2013 | This article uses the line of sight analysis method to analyze the proportion of waterfront buildings in terms of three elements: view characteristics, sight distance characteristics and building shading relationships. It proposes a method of height control for waterfront buildings so that the buildings in a waterfront environment may have a better visual effect. |
8 | Using posterior EEG theta band to assess the effects of architectural designs on landmark recognition in an urban setting | J. D. Rounds, J. G. Cruz-Garza, and S. Kalantari. | 2020 | This article developed a research platform using a virtual environment and electroencephalography (EEG) to better understand the neural processes associated with landmark usage and recognition during urban navigation tasks. It found that highly salient architectural features—those that contrast sharply with the surrounding environment—are more likely to attract visual attention, remain in short-term memory, and activate brain regions associated with way-finding when compared with non-salient buildings. |
No. | Title | Author | Year | Research Content |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Investigation of human eye pupil sizes as a measure of visual sensation in the workplace environment with a highlighting colour temperature | J.-H. Choi | 2016 | This article analyzed the impact of lighting colour temperature on visual perception in the working environment through experiments on pupil size. |
2 | Study on Natural Light and ShadowControl in Sports Field Area Based onEye-Tracker Experiment | H. Liu | 2014 | This article used an eye-tracker to analyze the user’s comfort with natural light and shadow in sports venues and proposed a new design strategy. |
3 | Study on Interface Form of Urban Road Building | Z. Zhang | 2017 | This article used an eye-tracker to explore the motivation of subjects when choosing an urban road–building interface. |
4 | Study on Planning and Design of Forest Recuperation Footpath in Beijing Area | L. Zhang | 2019 | This article analyzed the visual preferences and needs of users through eye-trackers and proposed a planning strategy for forest-rehabilitation trials in Beijing. |
Variable | D-1 | D-2 | D-3 |
---|---|---|---|
Definition (the distribution of building blocks) | Multiple polygonal blocks | Multiple rectangular blocks/One polygon block | One rectangular blocks |
Illustration | | | |
Variable | R-1 | R-2 | R-3 |
---|---|---|---|
Definition (the S/L ratio of building blocks) | 31–40% | 21–30% | 11–20% |
Illustration | | | |
Sample | Sample 1 | Sample 2 | Sample 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Buildings | Yunshang Xitang pastoral resort complex | Yangshuo–Alila Sugar Factory | Liyuan Library | |
Photos | | | | |
Experimental sample building block | | | | |
Viewpoint | Human viewpoint | Human viewpoint | Human viewpoint | |
Location | Guangdong | Guangxi | Beijing | |
Function | Reception center | Hotel | Library | |
Area | 500 m2 | 315 m2 | 275 m2 | |
Floor | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Elements of natural environment | Sky | Have | Have | Have |
Green plants | Have | Have | Have | |
Water | Have | Have | Have | |
Building | Position in photo | Center | Center | Center |
Criteria of the distribution of building blocks | D-1 | D-2 | D-3 | |
Sky colour analysis | H | 214 | 217 | 0 |
B | 86 | 84 | 0 | |
S | 5 | 23 | 100 | |
Colour analysis of water 1 | H | 198 | 25 | 38 |
B | 54 | 57 | 49 | |
S | 53 | 44 | 68 | |
Colour analysis of water 2 | H | 125 | 124 | 124 |
B | 49 | 24 | 25 | |
S | 35 | 27 | 24 | |
Plant colour analysis | H | 166 | 157 | 141 |
B | 13 | 20 | 34 | |
S | 66 | 32 | 20 |
Sample | Sample 4 | Sample 5 | Sample 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Buildings | Anaya Library | Anaya Church | Black Tent Travel Camp Center | |
Photos | | | | |
Experimental sample building block | | | | |
Viewpoint | Human viewpoint | Human viewpoint | Human viewpoint | |
Location | Hebei | Hebei | Xizang | |
Function | Library | Church | Museum | |
Area | 500 m2 | 270 m2 | 600 m2 | |
Floor | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
Elements of natural environment | Sky | 2/3 | 2/3 | 2/3 |
Ground | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/3 | |
Water | Have | Have | None | |
Building | Position in photo | Center | Center | Center |
Physical distribution | Cuboid | Cone | Cuboid | |
Criteria of the S/L ratio of building blocks | R-1 (33.33%) | R-2 (25.00%) | R-3 (15.43%) | |
Sky colour analysis | H | 206 | 205 | 204 |
B | 95 | 81 | 58 | |
S | 63 | 51 | 51 | |
Ground colour analysis | H | 22 | 25 | 38 |
B | 79 | 57 | 49 | |
S | 49 | 44 | 68 | |
Water surface colour analysis | H | 202 | 202 | / |
B | 66 | 66 | / | |
S | 48 | 48 | / |
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Fei, T.; Liu, Y.; Guo, J. Visual Integration Relationship between Buildings and the Natural Environment Based on Eye Movement. Buildings 2022, 12, 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070930
Fei T, Liu Y, Guo J. Visual Integration Relationship between Buildings and the Natural Environment Based on Eye Movement. Buildings. 2022; 12(7):930. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070930
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei, Teng, Yiqing Liu, and Jianchun Guo. 2022. "Visual Integration Relationship between Buildings and the Natural Environment Based on Eye Movement" Buildings 12, no. 7: 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070930