Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Hybrid Synthetic Fiber Waste Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
Abstract
:1. Literature Review
- The significance of this work is the investigation of destructive and nondestructive testing of UHPC reinforced with hybrid synthetic waste fibers exposed to elevated temperatures, a topic that has never been thoroughly researched’
- Hybrid synthetic fiber waste can be utilized in the production of UHPC;
- It was determined that it is possible to produce UHPC containing hybrid synthetic waste fibers with a compressive strength of 124.7 MPa after 91 days;
- The effects of hybrid synthetic waste fibers, temperature degree, and exposure time were investigated through nondestructive and destructive tests, and a microstructure analysis was also performed;
- Further research should be conducted in the UHPC sector with diverse influencing factors to study UHPC behavior extensively.
2. Experimental Program
- For one minute, fine materials (cement, silica fume, HSWF, and quartz powder) were combined in a pan mixer;
- Half of the mixing water was poured into the pan mixer and mixed for four more minutes;
- The required amount of admixture was mixed with the remaining half of the water, and then the last mixture was added;
- Over the next five minutes, the fine aggregate was gradually added, followed by the coarse aggregate, until the mixture was homogenous.
2.1. Specimen Descriptions
- ❖
- Nondestructive testing (physical and thermal properties):
- ❖
- Destructive testing (mechanical properties):
- Cubes of 150 × 150 × 150 mm were used for the compressive tests in accordance with the specification BS 1881, part 108 [35];
- Prisms of 100 × 100 × 500 mm were used for the flexural tests in accordance with the specification ASTM C 78 [36];
- Cylinders of 150 × 300 mm were used for the splitting tests in accordance with the specification ASTM C 192 [37];
- Cylinders of 150 × 300 mm were used to test the static modulus of elasticity in accordance with the specification ASTM C469/C469 M-14 [38];
- A tile of 500 × 500 × 50 mm was used for the drop hammer impact test in accordance with the specifications of ACI Committee 544 [39].
2.2. Elevated Temperature Exposure
2.3. Nondestructive Testing
2.3.1. Measurements of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
2.3.2. Thermal Conductivity of Concrete
2.4. Destructive Testing
Mechanical Properties (Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Splitting Strength, and Modulus of Elasticity)
3. Microstructure Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Results of Nondestructive Testing
4.1.1. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
4.1.2. Thermal Conductivity
4.2. Results of Destructive Testing
4.2.1. Mechanical Properties (Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Splitting Strength, and Modulus of Elasticity)
Effect of Temperature
- ▶
- Interpretation of results:
- First, for mixtures without fibers, the phenomenon of decreased resistance with exposure to heat may have been due to the increase in SiO2 volume induced by heating, which may have canceled out the beneficial effects of reactions, and these losses in concrete strength may have been connected to the expansion of interior microcracks caused by heating [55,56];
- Second, when mixtures with fibers were subjected to heat, the concrete strength decreased less than the mixtures without fibers because the fibers melted, leaving spaces through which large amounts of heat could escape; therefore, these mixes were less heavily impacted than others. For concrete without fibers, the voids were smaller, leaving less room for large amounts of heat to escape. As a result, internal cracks in the concrete formed to release heat, and these mixes were thus affected more than others, which highlights the importance and usefulness of the presence of fibers in concrete, whether exposed to heat or not. Figure 6 depicts the difference between samples with and without fibers after failure, demonstrating that the presence of fibers preserved the cubes’ bonding [57,58].
Effect of Exposure Duration
4.2.2. Drop Hammer Impact Test (Impact Resistance)
- n—numbers of impacts until the first crack and failure;
- m—steel ball mass;
- h—the height of the free fall;
- g—gravitational acceleration (N/kg).
5. Microstructure Analysis
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
6. Conclusions
- There was a direct relationship between concrete grade and ultrasonic velocity: the greater the value of the pressure resistance, the higher the velocity of ultrasonic waves. Furthermore, the temperature and exposure duration had negative effects on the ultrasound values;
- At high temperatures, the thermal conductivity of UHPC containing hybrid synthetic fiber waste was lower than that of the control group. The heat conductivity reached its maximum after two hours at 500 °C;
- The decrease in strength of the UHPC with HSW fibers was smaller than that of the UHPC without fibers; this was due to the fibers melting when exposed to heat, leaving spaces through which large amounts of heat could escape and, thus, rendering this concrete mix less affected than the others;
- The change in the rate of the damage to mechanical properties for the UHPC with and without HSW fibers can be explained by the fact that, when specimens with HSW fibers were exposed to elevated temperatures, the fibers fused, allowing heat to exit via those pores. On the other hand, internal cracks appeared in UHPC specimens without fibers when heated. As a result, the damage was greater, and the mechanical properties of the UHPC without fibers were considerably impacted;
- There was a similarity in the behavior relating to the mechanical properties and the impact resistance at elevated temperatures, implying that UHPC with HSW fibers could bear more than UHPC without HSW fibers. The reduction for the UHPC without HSW fibers exhibited the greatest value, highlighting the sample’s compressive strength behavior;
- Small cracks were visible in the UHPC specimens with HSW fibers before failure, and the specimens did not split into pieces at the ultimate load, as was the case with the UHPC specimens without HSW fibers, which collapsed without warning cracks;
- The enhanced ability of fibers to absorb energy and stop and slow fracture formation at an early stage of loading increased UHPC resistance to repeated loads. Furthermore, the repetition of impact loads increased the strains on the cement paste and the fiber bonding;
- The behavior of the microstructure revealed that the UHPC without HSW fibers developed huge cracks, but the UHPC with HSW fibers did not develop cracks but rather pores through which large amounts of heat escaped, and these were generated through fiber fusion. As a result, the UHPC without HSW fibers exhibited greater damage than the UHPC with HSW fibers.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HSWFs | Water/Binder Ratio | Admixture (kg/m3) | Water (L/m3) | QP (kg/m3) | Natural Fine Aggregates (kg/m3) | Natural Coarse Aggregates (kg/m3) | Silica Fume (kg/m3) | Cement (kg/m3) | Mix | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size 5 mm | Size 10 mm | |||||||||
0% | 0.20 | 13 | 156 | 440 | 440 | 294 | 294 | 130 | 650 | 1 |
1% | 0.20 | 13 | 156 | 440 | 440 | 294 | 294 | 130 | 650 | 2 |
Type of Fiber | Length (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Specific Gravity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nylon | 18 | 0.05 | 967 | 24 | 1.15 |
Polyester | 10 | 0.04 | 901 | 21 | 1.08 |
Polypropylene | 6 | 0.03 | 860 | 17 | 1.00 |
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Tayeh, B.; Hadzima-Nyarko, M.; Riad, M.Y.R.; Hafez, R.D.A. Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Hybrid Synthetic Fiber Waste Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. Buildings 2023, 13, 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010129
Tayeh B, Hadzima-Nyarko M, Riad MYR, Hafez RDA. Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Hybrid Synthetic Fiber Waste Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. Buildings. 2023; 13(1):129. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010129
Chicago/Turabian StyleTayeh, Bassam, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Magdy Youssef Riad Riad, and Radwa Defalla Abdel Hafez. 2023. "Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Hybrid Synthetic Fiber Waste Exposed to Elevated Temperatures" Buildings 13, no. 1: 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010129