CMBAS Tool for Assessing BIM Adoption Status in Construction Markets: Application for Egypt
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Using BIM Surveys to Detect CMBAS
1.2. Using BIM Models to Detect CMBAS
2. Literature Review
2.1. BIM Initiatives Worldwide
2.2. The Nature of the Egyptian Construction Industry
2.3. BIM in Egypt
3. Methodology
4. The Development of the Construction Markets’ BIM Adoption Status Tool (CMBAS Tool)
4.1. Research Methods Used to Develop the CMBAS Tool
4.2. CMBAS Tool Composition
5. CMBAS Tool Verification and Validation
- A total of 75% of the experts agreed that BIM dimensions are sufficient to comprehensively detect markets’ BIM status, whereas 25% had a neutral opinion.
- All given dimensions and indicators are seen as important, and nothing needs to be omitted.
- All the experts agreed that the BIM indicators can adequately assess BIM markets’ status, where 50% strongly agreed and the other 50% agreed to the question.
- Two experts suggested adding the government intervention as a dimension; however, it was present under the ‘Drivers’ dimension beneath two indicators: (a) ‘BIM drivers now and in the past’ where governmental efforts should be assessed for (i) setting policies and guidelines; (ii) adjusting university courses to include BIM; and (iii) mandating BIM use and (b) ‘Stakeholders influencing BIM currently and in the future’, where the government is considered a stakeholder whose influence is to measured.
- Two experts recommended adding ‘Human Psychology’ as a dimension or indicator where people’s skill to use BIM is to be assessed. However, human psychology in using BIM is assessed under all the dimensions: (a) the BIM awareness dimension: assessing individuals’ awareness with, for example, BIM benefits is a reflection of being internally convinced that BIM can perform a change; (b) the BIM maturity dimension: assessing the degree of BIM tools’ usage, how data are shared, the degree of compliance between required BIM knowledge and actual available skills, and the meaning of gaining BIM training. All of these indicators are a reflection of an individual’s skills and maturity; (c) the BIM drivers dimension: if BIM is derived in the market through different stakeholders and investments are being assigned for BIM enhancement, then humans are psychologically convinced with BIM; (d) the BIM barriers dimension: different barriers are being assessed, among which is the degree of convincement with BIM; and (e) the university curricula dimension: if universities provide future pioneers with the required BIM courses, then their skills should be enhanced and will influence the construction market afterwards.
- Another expert recommended adding open BIM among the indicators. Open BIM is present as a guidance key but not as an indicator. Under the maturity dimension, there is the indicator ‘software usage and degree of expertise’, and among its guidance keys is the degree of using open BIM.
- One more expert suggested increasing the indicators present under the ‘university curricula’ dimension due to its importance and apparent deficiency of universities intervention. That is why the author added one more indicator to link between industry and academia. Hence, this indicator will cover the recommendations from the industry about the topics that should be incorporated in university courses to close the gap between BIM expertise requirement and delivered knowledge. The suggested indicator will be entitled “what topics are suggested to be taught to undergraduates”.
6. CMBAS Tool Application
6.1. Questionnaire Survey Design and Implementation
6.2. Sampling Technique Used in the Questionnaire
6.3. Questionnaire Data Collection Process
6.4. Questionnaire Response Rate and Sample Size
6.5. Results’ Analysis of CMBAS Tool Application
6.5.1. Dimension (1): BIM Awareness
What Do Respondents Think of BIM?
Awareness with the Uses of BIM Tools
Project Phases in Which BIM Is Used
Types of BIM Standards Used
The Awareness of BIM Roadmaps and Guides Directing to BIM Step-by-Step Adoption
Roadmaps and Guidelines Importance to Companies to Facilitate BIM Adoption
Respondents’ Belief of the Factors Which BIM Can Probably Impact
6.5.2. Dimension (2): BIM Maturity
Software Tools Usage and Expertise within Companies
Number of Years of 2D CAD Usage and Number of Years of BIM Tools Usage
BIM Level Applied in Companies
Companies’ Current and Future Investment in BIM
Amount of BIM Training Courses Offered by Companies
How Respondents Gain BIM Training
6.5.3. Dimension (3): BIM Drivers
Drivers Leading to BIM Widespread and Usage
Stakeholders’ Current and Future Influence on the Use of BIM
Trusted Sources to Gain BIM Knowledge From
6.5.4. Dimension (4): BIM Barriers
Barriers Preventing BIM Widespread and Usage
6.5.5. Dimension (5): University Curricula
Universities’ BIM Courses Sufficiency to Meet the Industry BIM Requirements
7. Benchmarking BIM Status in Egypt over Years
7.1. Benchmarking BIM Awareness in Egypt over Time
7.2. Benchmarking BIM Maturity in Egypt over Years
7.3. Benchmarking BIM Drivers in Egypt over the Years
7.4. Benchmarking BIM Barriers in Egypt over the Years
7.5. Benchmarking University Curricula in Egypt over the Years
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Areas Covered in the Survey | Country/Region | References |
---|---|---|
| United Kingdom; Canada; Australia New Zealand; Egypt; Africa; Middle East and North Africa; Finland and Switzerland | [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33] |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada; Australia; New Zealand; Egypt; KSA; Middle East and North Africa | |
| United Kingdom; Canada; Australia; New Zealand; Egypt; Finland and Sweden | |
| Canada | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada; Australia; Worldwide; New Zealand; Egypt; KSA; China, Sweden and Chile | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada; Worldwide; Africa and Chile | |
| USA; Canada; Worldwide; China | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada and Africa | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada; Australia, Worldwide; Egypt; KSA; Africa & China | |
| USA | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Worldwide | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Australia; Finland; Denmark; Norway; The Netherlands; Singapore | |
| USA; Worldwide; Egypt; Africa; Middle East, North Africa, and Switzerland | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada; Australia; Worldwide; New Zealand; Egypt; KSA; Africa; China and Chile | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada; Australia; Worldwide; New Zealand and KSA | |
| Canada; Australia and New Zealand | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Canada; Australia; Worldwide; New Zealand; Egypt; KSA; Africa; China; Middle East and North Africa; Finland; Sweden and Switzerland | |
| USA; United Kingdom; Australia; KSA; China; Middle East and North Africa; Nigeria; Spain; Pakistan; Slovakia and Croatia |
Strategic Action | Country: Date Issued | References |
---|---|---|
BIM Guidelines | Korea: 2011, China: 2011, Australia: 2011, Norway: 2011, Finland: 2012, The Netherlands: 2012, Singapore: 2012, Sweden: 2013, Belgium: 2015, Norway: 2015; France: 2016 | [25,35,36,37,38,39,40,41] |
BIM Handbooks | New Zealand: 2014; Europe: 2017 | [37,38] |
BIM Standards | USA: 2007, Australia: 2011, China: 2011, Hong Kong: 2011, Finland: 2013, Sweden: 2013, United Kingdom: 2013, Austria: 2015, France: 2017; Switzerland: 2017 | [25,38,39,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51] |
BIM Regulations | Denmark: 2013 | [25,38] |
BIM Policies | USA: 2003, Australia: 2011, China: 2011; Japan: 2016 | [39,41,43,44,47,49,51,52] |
BIM Roadmaps | Korea: 2010, United Kingdom: 2012, Hong Kong: 2013, China: 2014, Brazil: 2015, France: 2015, Germany: 2015; Singapore: 2015 | [38,39,41,53,54] |
BIM Plans | United Kingdom: 2011, France: 2014, Chile: 2015, Spain: 2015, Scotland: 2015; The Netherlands: 2016 | [25,38,39,41,42,43,45,46,47,48,49,50] |
BIM Manuals | Norway: 2011; Canada: 2016 | [38,41,44,47,55] |
BIM Frameworks | Australia: 2014 | [41,49] |
BIM Mandates | Denmark: 2007, The Netherlands: 2011, Dubai: 2013, China: 2014, Singapore: 2015, Australia: 2016, Norway: 2016, United Kingdom: 2016, France: 2017, Scotland: 2017; Spain: 2018 | [38,46,47,48,49] |
Step | Step Name | Step Definition | Criteria Set in This Research |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Inclusion criteria | This phase encloses the definition of the search criteria |
|
2 | Literature identification | Illustrates the key words, search engines, judgement, time range of included resources, and number of resources used in the search |
|
3 | Screening for inclusion | Screening is based on retrieving the abstract | After deep review of the abstract, the number of papers decreased from around 300 to around 150. |
4 | Quality and eligibility assessment | Skimming through the full text of the papers | After skimming the full text, the number of papers declined to around 65. |
5 | Iterations | Adding more resources after backward and forward search | About 10 more resources have been added. |
6 | Data Extraction and analysis | Includes what information has been extracted from these resources, then dividing this main topic to sub-topics and including the name of these sub-topics. | In this study the information extracted are
|
Expert | Country | Profession | Company Nature |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Chile | BIM Manager | Government Consultant |
2 | Egypt | BIM architect | Consultant |
3 | Pakistan | BIM Engineer | Public Contractor |
4 | Peru | BIM Specialist | Contractor |
5 | Qatar | Associate Professor/BIM Academic Consultant | Educational |
6 | Spain | CEO of a BIM consulting company | Consultant |
7 | Switzerland | Lecturer in BIM Coordination/Owner of a BIM consulting company | BIM Consulting and BIM Formation |
8 | United Kingdom | BIM reader and Program Leader of MSc Construction in a university in the UK | Educational (Teaching and Research) |
Whole Market | BIM Professionals | Market Practitioners | |
---|---|---|---|
BIM Level 3 | 25% | 34% | 20% |
BIM Level 2 | 25% | 40% | 15% |
BIM Level 1 | 19% | 16% | 22% |
BIM Level 0 | 24% | 7% | 34% |
Missed the question | 7% | 3% | 9% |
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Tahseen, M.A.; Hassan, T.M.; Bassioni, H.; Blay, K.B. CMBAS Tool for Assessing BIM Adoption Status in Construction Markets: Application for Egypt. Buildings 2023, 13, 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102475
Tahseen MA, Hassan TM, Bassioni H, Blay KB. CMBAS Tool for Assessing BIM Adoption Status in Construction Markets: Application for Egypt. Buildings. 2023; 13(10):2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102475
Chicago/Turabian StyleTahseen, Marwa A., Tarek M. Hassan, Hesham Bassioni, and Karen B. Blay. 2023. "CMBAS Tool for Assessing BIM Adoption Status in Construction Markets: Application for Egypt" Buildings 13, no. 10: 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102475