Exploration of Campus Environmental Health Issues and Individual Disparities in Environmental Perceptions Based on Daily Activity Path
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Research Design
2.1.1. The Companion-Type Data Collection System
2.1.2. Questionnaire Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Location and Local Weather
2.2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.3. Collection of Environmental Parameters
2.2.4. Correction for Sensor Placement Effects
- (1)
- Illuminance
- (2)
- Temperature
- (3)
- PM2.5 and CO2
2.2.5. Collection of Activity Path
2.2.6. Participant Selection
- (1)
- Selection Criteria
- (2)
- Selection Results
2.2.7. Distribution and Return of Questionnaire
2.2.8. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Data Analysis Methods
2.3.1. Eye Light Experience and Arousal State in the Morning
2.3.2. Dietary Preferences and Environmental Exposure during Meal Times
2.3.3. Ventilation Behavior and Air Quality during Sleep
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Daily Rhythms
3.2. Daily Cumulative Environmental Exposure Characteristics
3.2.1. Daylighting and Alertness
3.2.2. Mealtime: The Correlation between Dietary Choices and Air Quality in Dining Areas
3.2.3. Nighttime Sleep Period: Air Environment and Bedtime Window Opening Behavior
3.3. Adaptability to Environment (TCM Constitutions) and Clothing, Environmental Acceptability
3.4. Lunchtime Nap: The Impact of Lunchtime Nap on Environmental Acceptability
4. Discussion
4.1. Applicability and Limitations of the Companion-Type Data Collection Method
4.2. Discoveries of Daily Environmental Exposure Characteristics
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The companion-type environmental data collection and monitoring system based on IoT technology provides an effective data collection method to identify potential health risks of students in universities during the pandemic lockdown.
- (2)
- Only 57% of undergraduate students fulfilled their light exposure requirements (CS ≥ 0.3) due to inadequate exposure to morning light. Moreover, the rate was 67% among students who woke up after 8:00 a.m.
- (3)
- The presented measurements indicate that the PM2.5 concentration levels in dining areas selected by participants who prefer roasted, stir-fried, or deep-fried food were generally higher than those selected by those who prefer vegetables or stewed food.
- (4)
- In accordance with the questionnaire surveys, participants who took naps at lunchtime showed better heat acclimatization and tended to rate their heat sensation as neutral throughout the survey month.
- (5)
- Participants with BC constitution demonstrate greater adaptability to seasonal temperature changes.
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Indoor attire during the day: Please fill in:
- Outdoor attire during the day: Please fill in:
- Nap situation at noon:Please select: □1 No nap □2 Lie down and sleep □3 Sleep on a chair □4 Sleep on a desk
- Record today’s diet: Please fill in:
- Record your sleep period (check with the mobile app): Please fill in:
- Type of room you are currently in:Please select: □1 Classroom □2 Office □3 Library □4 Dormitory □5 Other:
- Indoor ventilation situation:Please select: □1 Completely closed □2 Slightly open □3 Quarter-open □4 Half-open □5 Fully open
- Room lighting situation:Please select: □1 Fully on □2 Partially on □3 Off
- Type of indoor light source (multiple choice):Please select: □1 Daylight □2 Incandescent lamp □3 Fluorescent lamp □4 LED □5 Other:
- Your current thermal sensation (TSV):Please select: □1 Hot □2 Warm □3 Slightly warm □4 neutral □5 Slightly cool □6 Cool □7 Cold
- How do you expect the surrounding environment to change?Please select: □1 A little cooler □2 No change □3 A little warmer
- Your current perception of humidity:Please select: □1 Very dry □2 Dry □3 Slightly dry □4 Moderate □5 Slightly humid □6 Humid □7 Very humid
- Control strategy of the building you are currently in:Please select: □1 Air conditioning □2 Heating □3 Natural ventilation □4 Mixed mode: ()
- Which of the following activity statuses did you most closely resemble in the past 15 minutes?Please select: □ Lying (0.8 met) □ Sitting (relaxed) (1.0 met) □ Sitting (working, studying) (1.2 met) □ Slow walking (2 km/h) (1.9 met) □ Fast walking (4 km/h) (2.8 met) □ Light activity (shopping, laboratory work) (1.6 met) □ Moderate activity (household chores, manual labor) (2.0 met) □ Other:
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Parameters | Sensor Model | Range | Accuracy | Standard Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|
Air temperature | SHT3-DIS | −10~80 °C | ±0.3 °C | ±0.5 °C 1 |
Relative humidity | SHT3-DIS | 5~100% | ±2% | ±5% 1 |
Illuminance | B-LUX-V22 | 1~65,535 lx | ±5% | ±8% 2 |
PM2.5 | PMS5003 | 0~500 μg/m3 | ±5 μg/m3 (0~100 μg/m3); ±10% (100~500 μg/m3) | ±10% 2 |
CO2 | SenseAir-S8 | 0~10,000 ppm | ±8 ppm (≤2000 ppm); ±3% (>2000 ppm) | ±50 ppm 2 |
GPS | ATGM332D5N | - | 2.5 m | - |
Number | Dimension | Filling Time |
---|---|---|
0 | Basic Information | Completed during participant recruitment |
A | Clothing, Diet, Sleep | Complete one copy each day |
B | Environmental Assessment, Activity Intensity, Environmental Adjustment Behavior | Once at getting up in the morning, once in the forenoon, and once in the afternoon, once before bedtime |
Location | Season | Duration | Participants | Building Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dalian | Spring | 13/03/2021~21/03/2021 | 20 | Office, Library, Classroom, Dormitory |
Summer | 02/08/2021~06/08/2021 | 10 | ||
Autumn | 25/10/2021~29/10/2021 | 20 | ||
Winter | 14/12/2022~17/12/2022 | 8 |
Building Type | Area (m2) | Blind Type | Air Conditioning | Radiator |
---|---|---|---|---|
Office | 40~60 | Rolling curtain, Venetian blinds | √ | √ |
Library | 300~500 | Rolling curtain | √ | √ |
Classroom | 50~200 | Rolling curtain, Fabric curtain | × | √ |
Dormitory | 18~24 | Fabric curtain | × | √ |
Questions |
---|
What is your academic status? |
What is your original province? |
How long have you lived in the university? |
What is your gender? |
TCM constitutions |
What is your academic status? |
Characteristics | N | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Academic status | Undergraduate | 19 (6/3/6/4) | 33 |
Post-graduate | 39 (14/7/14/4) | 67 | |
Original province | Northern China | 36 (14/5/13/4) | 62 |
Southern China | 22 (6/5/7/4) | 38 | |
Duration of Stay in School Location | Less than one year | 15 (4/1/5/5) | 26 |
1~3 years | 32 (12/7/12/1) | 55 | |
More than three years | 11 (4/2/3/2) | 19 | |
Sex | Female | 30 (10/6/10/4) | 52 |
Male | 28 (10/4/10/4) | 48 | |
TCM constitutions | BC | 18 (5/6/4/3) | 31 |
QDC | 19 (7/4/6/2) | 33 | |
YADC | 11 (6/0/5/0) | 19 | |
YIDC | 10 (2/0/5/3) | 17 |
Window Opening Degree and Mode 1 (Percentage) | Changes before and after Sleep 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Average Change in CO2 (ppm) | Average Change in Indoor AT (°C) | Outdoor AT (°C) | |
Winter | +640 (+52%) | −1.3 (−7%) | |
Quarter-open (13%) | −110 (−11%) | −1.5 (−8%) | −6.2~−4.8 |
Slightly open (20%) | +180 (+10%) | −1.2 (−6%) | |
Completely closed (67%) | +930 (+80%) | −0.2 (−1%) | |
Always off (33%) | +910 (+70%) | −0.4 (−2%) | |
Intermittently on (60%) | +570 (+45%) | −1.2 (−6%) | |
Always on (7%) | −10 (−2%) | −1.5 (−8%) | |
Spring | +430 (+32%) | −1.0 (−5%) | |
Quarter-open (28%) | −180 (−12%) | −1.1 (−5%) | 7.6~9.5 |
Slightly open (24%) | +180 (+13%) | −1.3 (−7%) | |
Completely closed (49%) | +890 (+71%) | −0.3 (−1%) | |
Always off (15%) | +680 (+61%) | −0.5 (−2%) | |
Intermittently on (75%) | +410 (+30%) | −1.1 (−5%) | |
Always on (10%) | +200 (+15%) | −1.0 (−5%) | |
Summer | −330 (−31%) | −0.8 (−3%) | |
Fully open (20%) | −1500 (−72%) | −1.6 (−6%) | 23.2~27.4 |
Half-open (33%) | −250 (−28%) | −1.3 (−5%) | |
Quarter-open (28%) | 0 (0%) | −0.3 (−1%) | |
Slightly open (20%) | +250 (+21%) | −0.1 (−0.4%) | |
Always on (100%) | −330 (−31%) | −0.8 (−3%) | |
Autumn | +350 (+31%) | −0.4 (−2%) | |
Half-open (25%) | −180 (−19%) | −2.0 (−9%) | 8.8~12.8 |
Quarter-open (26%) | −40 (−5%) | −0.7 (−4%) | |
Slightly open (12%) | +220 (+19%) | −0.3 (−1%) | |
Completely closed (37%) | +1030 (+75%) | +0.9 (+5%) | |
Intermittently on (79%) | +450 (+40%) | −0.3 (−1%) | |
Always on (21%) | −40 (−4%) | −0.8 (−4%) |
TCM Constitutions | TSV (Percentage of Votes) | Average TSV (−) | Indoor AT (℃) | RH (%) | Average Iclo (clo) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | |||||
Winter | 2% | 8% | 19% | 48% | 21% | 2% | 0% | −0.16 | 12.6~25.5 avg. = 20.7 | 25~37 avg. = 30 | |
BC | 0% | 0% | 20% | 57% | 23% | 0% | 0% | 0.03 | 1.08 | ||
QDC | 6% | 15% | 18% | 30% | 27% | 3% | 0% | −0.33 | 1.32 | ||
YIDC | 0% | 9% | 17% | 61% | 9% | 4% | 0% | −0.17 | 1.20 | ||
Spring | 2% | 5% | 13% | 63% | 16% | 0% | 1% | −0.08 | 16.7~26.6 avg. = 21.9 | 22~63 avg. = 38 | |
BC | 0% | 2% | 13% | 68% | 15% | 0% | 2% | 0.04 | 1.10 | ||
QDC | 2% | 6% | 14% | 61% | 16% | 0% | 1% | −0.15 | 1.48 | ||
YADC | 0% | 14% | 0% | 71% | 14% | 0% | 0% | −0.14 | 1.53 | ||
YIDC | 0% | 0% | 0% | 63% | 38% | 0% | 0% | 0.38 | 1.35 | ||
Summer | 0% | 0% | 3% | 57% | 29% | 10% | 0% | 0.47 | 24.1~32.4 avg. = 27.7 | 33~76 avg. = 59 | |
BC | 0% | 0% | 1% | 65% | 23% | 11% | 0% | 0.43 | 0.43 | ||
QDC | 0% | 0% | 6% | 40% | 45% | 9% | 0% | 0.57 | 0.38 | ||
Autumn | 7% | 4% | 15% | 65% | 9% | 0% | 0% | −0.34 | 17.4~26.7 avg. = 22 | 45~74 avg. = 58 | |
BC | 0% | 0% | 9% | 82% | 9% | 0% | 0% | 0.00 | 0.93 | ||
QDC | 5% | 2% | 18% | 68% | 7% | 0% | 0% | −0.30 | 1.08 | ||
YADC | 21% | 14% | 14% | 43% | 7% | 0% | 0% | −1.00 | 1.03 | ||
YIDC | 0% | 0% | 0% | 60% | 40% | 0% | 0% | 0.40 | 0.96 |
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Deng, J.; Chen, B.; Fu, C.; Du, J. Exploration of Campus Environmental Health Issues and Individual Disparities in Environmental Perceptions Based on Daily Activity Path. Buildings 2023, 13, 2544. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102544
Deng J, Chen B, Fu C, Du J. Exploration of Campus Environmental Health Issues and Individual Disparities in Environmental Perceptions Based on Daily Activity Path. Buildings. 2023; 13(10):2544. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102544
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Jie, Bin Chen, Changfeng Fu, and Jia Du. 2023. "Exploration of Campus Environmental Health Issues and Individual Disparities in Environmental Perceptions Based on Daily Activity Path" Buildings 13, no. 10: 2544. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102544