A Systematic Review of Sensing Technology in Human-Building Interaction Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. The Sensing Technologies Adopted by HBI Research
3.1. The Sensing of Occupancy Status
3.1.1. Image-Based Sensing
- (1)
- The RGB image
- (2)
- The depth image
Ref. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[11] | RGB | 2022 | Occupant activities | Web camera | SVM, KNN, RF, manually labeling |
[12] | 2018 | Occupant tracking | View camera | rHOG | |
[13] | 2017 | Occupant presence | Web camera | stochastic model | |
[14] | 2017 | Occupant positions | Camera-based indoor tracking system | localization algorithms, calibrated mapping algorithm | |
[15] | 2022 | Occupancy counting | Web camera | Statistical analysis, K-means clustering, multiple linear regression | |
[16] | 2018 | Occupancy counting | overhead video; PTZ camera | Background Subtraction algorithm, SVM + HOG | |
[17] | 2022 | Occupant clothing insulation | Azure Kinect | CNN models-VGG 16, Inception V4, TinyYOLOV3, ResNet18 | |
[18] | 2022 | Occupant clothing insulation | Video camera | CNN-YOLO models | |
[23] | Depth | 2020 | Occupant activity | Microsoft Kinect | CNN model-METNet |
[24] | 2019 | Occupant activity | Microsoft Kinect | depth registration; skeleton model, CNN | |
[25] | 2015 | Occupancy detection and profiling | Microsoft Kinect MESA SR4000 | background subtraction, point cloud clustering | |
[26] | 2017 | Occupancy counting | Microsoft Kinect | FORK | |
[27] | 2021 | Occupancy counting | VL53L5TOF sensor | 3D reconstruction, Background subtraction, and filtering, point clustering |
3.1.2. Infrared-Based Sensing
3.1.3. Radio Frequency Signal-Based Sensing
No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|
[42] | WIFI | 2019 | Occupancy counting | Multiple linear regression, ANN |
[43] | 2022 | Occupant behavior | lightweight CNN | |
[44] | 2019 | Occupancy detection | Ensemble learning classification algorithms | |
[45] | 2021 | Occupancy pattern | K-means clustering, Poisson regression, cumulative frequency analysis | |
[46] | BLE | 2017 | Occupancy detection | SVM, RF |
[47] | 2020 | occupancy pattern | Binary classification, gradient boosting algorithm, K-means algorithm, | |
[49] | RFID | 2012 | Occupancy counting, occupancy identification | Scattering analysis, statistical analysis |
[50] | 2022 | Occupancy counting | Radio signal processing | |
[51] | UWB | 2017 | Occupancy detection | Principal component analysis (PCA) |
[52] | 2017 | Human identification | Region of interest extraction, PCA | |
[53] | 2021 | Motion detection | adaptive motion detection algorithm | |
[54] | GPS | 2021 | Occupancy counting | GeoHash Model |
[55] | 2021 | Occupancy schedule | Web scraping techniques, text classification, and semantic analysis |
3.1.4. Ultrasonic-Based Sensing
3.2. The Sensing of Occupant Physiological Indicators
3.2.1. The Sensing of Human Brain Activity
3.2.2. The Sensing of Muscle and Skin Activity
3.2.3. The Sensing of Heart Activity
3.2.4. The Wearable Device
No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Analysis Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[61] | EEG | 2018 | Brain activity in rest and task | Emotiv EPOC | EEGLAB toolbox LDA classifier |
[62] | 2019 | Brain activity in rest and task | Emotiv EPOC | EEGLAB toolbox LDA, SVM | |
[64] | 2020 | Brain activity in VR environment | Emotiv EPOC | software Emotiv Pro, statistical analysis | |
[65] | 2022 | Brain activity in VR environment | 63-channel actiCHamp | Lab Streaming Layer (LSL) software | |
[66] | EMG IMU | 2021 | Worker’s muscle engagement | Myo armband | ANN |
[69] | 2014 | Physical demand | Delsys wireless EMG system | MATLAB, statistics analysis | |
[70] | 2021 | Leg fatigue, gait motion | Megawin, Qualisys Track Manager | MATLAB, statistic analysis | |
[71] | EDA, ST | 2019 | Environmental comfort | Careshine Electronic Technology, PyroButton-L | Statistic analysis |
[72] | 2019 | Skin temperature, face temperature | Wearable device with infrared temperature sensor, thermal camera | Neighborhood component based feature selection, RF, SVM, KNN | |
[73] | 2022 | Occupant thermal comfort | E4 Wristband | CNN-SVM hybrid model, ensemble transfer learning | |
[74] | 2018 | Occupant thermal comfort | Exacon D-S18JK | Statistical analysis, SVM, ELM | |
[75] | ECG | 2020 | Environmental comfort | EPOC+, BioHarness | Feature extraction, LDA, KNN, decision Tree, naïve Bayes, SVM, and RF |
[76] | 2018 | Occupant thermal comfort | Holter | Statistic analysis | |
[77] | PPG | 2019 | Pervasive blood pressure | Smart wristbands | Feature extraction, NN, SVM, DT |
[78] | ECG, EEG, EMG, GSR | 2022 | Indoor thermal comfort | Physiological signal measurement system | Linear regression, Gaussian process regression, SVM regression, DT |
[79] | EEG, EDA, BVP, IBI, ST | 2022 | Thermal comfort | MUSE 2 headband Empatica E4 | Feature extraction, statistic analysis |
3.3. The Sensing of Building Components
3.3.1. Magnetic Reed Switch
3.3.2. The Vibration Sensor
3.4. The Sensing of the Building Environment
3.4.1. Air Property Sensor
- (1)
- CO2 sensor
- (2)
- Indoor air quality (IAQ) monitor
3.4.2. Sound Sensor
3.4.3. Illuminance Sensor
No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[101] | CO2 | 2019 | Occupancy counting | CO2 sensor | Statistical analyses |
[102] | 2015 | Occupancy counting, occupancy activity | CO2 sensor, beam-break sensor | Statistical analyses | |
[103] | 2019 | Occupancy counting | CO2 sensor | stochastic differential equations | |
[104] | IAQ | 2017 | Influence of occupant behavior on energy | IEQ monitors | Model-based simulation, statistical modeling |
[105] | 2019 | Occupant behavior | Customized smart sensor node | Agent-based modeling | |
[106] | 2019 | Influence of IEQ on occupant behavior | SHT30, T6703 CO2 Module, SP3S-AQ2, MEVIU | weighed Euclidean distance | |
[107] | Sound | 2020 | Occupant behavior monitoring and emergency event detection | IVR-50 | Deep learning sound recognition |
[110] | 2015 | energy-related activity recognition in buildings | Smartphone | Locality-constrained linear coding method | |
[111] | Illuminance | 2016 | Occupant comfort, energy consumption | Light sensor, headlight, PIR sensor | Statistic analysis |
[112] | 2015 | Lighting control for comfort and energy efficiency | Light sensor, headlight, PIR sensor | Statistic analysis | |
[113] | 2018 | personalized visual satisfaction | Illuminance sensor, HDR camera | Bayesian modeling | |
[114] | 2019 | Occupant-centric lighting control | LightLearn hardware configuration (light sensor, RPI) | Reinforcement learning |
3.5. The Sensing of Building Consumption
3.5.1. Smart Meter
3.5.2. Smart Plug
3.6. The Fusion of Multi-Sensing System
4. Discussion
4.1. The Facts behind the Data
4.2. The Cost-Effectiveness of the Fusion of Multi-Sensing System
4.3. The Privacy Issues Involved with Data Acquisition
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[28] | Active | 2017 | People counting | beam-break sensor | thresholding algorithm |
[29] | Passive | 2016 | Occupancy presence | PIR sensor | Hidden Markov models |
[30] | 2021 | Occupancy presence | Infrared Sensor Array | Image processing, multi-Bernoullii filter | |
[31] | 2021 | Occupancy pattern | PIR sensor | deterministic modelling | |
[32] | 2018 | Occupant tracking | PIR sensor | accessibility map, A-Star algorithm | |
[33] | 2022 | Occupant location and activity intensity | PIR sensor | SVM | |
[34] | 2019 | Occupancy presence | PIR sensor | Find state algorithm | |
[36] | Thermal camera | 2018 | human skin temperature | Thermal camera | Thermal image processing software |
[37] | 2021 | Occupancy estimation | Thermal imaging sensor | Blob extraction algorithm, blob filtering algorithm, KNN, SVM, RF | |
[38] | 2019 | Occupancy estimation | Thermal camera | DNN model | |
[39] | 2021 | Occupancy counting | Thermal camera | U-Net-like CNN | |
[40] | 2022 | Occupant thermal comfort | Thermal camera | CNN model |
No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[56] | Ultrasonic sensor | 2016 | Occupancy detection, counting | wide-band ultrasonic transmitter, ultrasonic MEMs microphone | Semi-supervised learning model, classification, regression trees; |
[57] | 2015 | Occupancy detection, counting | Motu Ultra-Light MK3 DAC and ADC, audio amplifier, omnidirectional tweeter, measurement microphone | DBSCAN algorithm, regression model | |
[58] | 2012 | Occupant location tracking | audio speakers | Signal processing-TDOA technique, pulse compression | |
[59] | 2019 | Human activity | ultrasonic sensors | Threshold-based classification |
No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[82] | Magnetic reed switch | 2020 | Window state | Window sensor | Statistic analysis |
[83] | 2018 | Occupants’ window behavior | Window sensor | Statistic analysis | |
[84] | 2015 | Occupants’ window behavior | Window sensor | Monte Carlo simulation | |
[86] | 2015 | Monitor elderly’s behavior | Door contact | activities assessment algorithm developed by authors | |
[87] | 2018 | Occupants’ ventilation habits | Window sensor | Statistic analysis | |
[88] | Vibration sensor | 2018 | Occupancy counting | Geophone SM-2 | Detection algorithm |
[89] | 2020 | Occupant detection | Geophone SM-2 | Transfer learning | |
[90] | 2021 | Occupant detection | Vibration sensor | CWT, SVM, CNN, finite element simulation | |
[91] | 2016 | Occupant detection | Vibration sensor | a two-stage step-induced signal detection algorithm | |
[92] | 2018 | Occupant localization | Geophone, amplifier | Anomaly detection algorithm, SVM | |
[93] | 2019 | Occupant Tracking | Vibration sensor | Signal processing, error-domain model-falsification | |
[94] | 2022 | Occupancy detection and tracking | Vibration sensor | Signal processing, error-domain model-falsification | |
[95] | 2019 | Occupant activity | Geophone, amplifier, ADC module, Raspberry Pi | Signal processing, noise filtering, vibration detection. |
No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[118] | Smart meter | 2018 | Energy consumption | HEMS | Statistic analysis |
[119] | 2019 | Energy saving | Smart meter, in-home display | Statistical analysis | |
[121] | 2017 | Occupancy detection | Smart meter | Monte Carlo simulations, RF | |
[122] | 2021 | Building usage type, operation pattern | Smart meter | Machine learning-RF | |
[123] | Smart plug | 2017 | Room occupancy pattern | Smart plug, CO2 sensor | Statistic analysis |
[124] | 2019 | Occupant engagement | Smart plug | Statistic analysis |
No. | Type | Year | Research Object | Sensing Device | Data Processing Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[125] | RGB PIR Magnetic reed contact IAQ Sound illuminance smart plug | 2016 | Occupancy counting | Video-camera, Motion detector, Window contact, Smart plug, Microphone, IAQ monitor | Decision tree algorithm |
[126,127] | Wi-Fi, CO2, Temperature, humidity sensor, RGB | 2018 2019 | Occupancy prediction | Wi-Fi probe, Web camera, IAQ monitor | ANN, KNN, SVM |
[128] | Environmental, Audio, image | 2022 | Occupancy detection | IAQ monitor, Video Camera, | Occ-STPN, RF, Few-shot model |
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Ji, W.; Yang, L.; Liu, Z.; Feng, S. A Systematic Review of Sensing Technology in Human-Building Interaction Research. Buildings 2023, 13, 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030691
Ji W, Yang L, Liu Z, Feng S. A Systematic Review of Sensing Technology in Human-Building Interaction Research. Buildings. 2023; 13(3):691. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030691
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Weiyu, Lu Yang, Zhansheng Liu, and Shuxin Feng. 2023. "A Systematic Review of Sensing Technology in Human-Building Interaction Research" Buildings 13, no. 3: 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030691