Assessment of Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Internal and External AR-Glass Textile Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiment Work
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Concrete and Steel
2.1.2. AR-Glass Textile and Mortar Matrix
2.2. Preparation of Beams
2.3. The Experiment Setup and Specimen Details
2.4. Setup of Beams
3. Experiment Results and Discussion
3.1. Failure Patterns
3.2. Flexural Strengthening and Load–Deflection Relationship
3.3. Ductility Index
4. Conclusions
- Generally, using AR-glass textile fabric in reinforced concrete beams increased the load-bearing capacity.
- The embedded AR-GT as an internal supplementary reinforcement layer in RC beams enhanced not only the flexural strength but also substantially increased the cracking and post-yielding stiffness (up to 52%) compared to the un-strengthened beam.
- The flexural capacity is sensitive to the number of internal AR-GT fabric layers used. Using one internal layer of AR-GT fabric recorded a flexure capacity enhancement of only 6.3%, whereas using three layers of AR-GT resulted in an enhancement of 52% in load-bearing capacity.
- The use of textile concrete mortar systems increased the beam’s flexural capacity. The strengthened RC beam with one external layer displayed an increase of 56.8% in flexural capacity with respect to the control specimen.
- The load–deflection response of the two beams made with internal AR-GT fabrics was similar to that of the control beam. This behavior may be due to the fact that AR-GT layers are embedded at almost the same level as the main steel reinforcement bars.
- When the textile fabric was used as external strengthening, the beam specimen exhibited a different load–deflection behavior than the control beam specimen because the AR-GT fabric worked as additional tensile resisting reinforcement with a larger lever arm.
- The failure patterns of RC beams strengthened with one external AR-GT fabric layer and three internal fabric layers showed a similar trend with higher load-bearing capacity and lower deflections compared to the other beams.
- Using many layers of internal AR-GT fabric can be used in strengthening RC beams and may efficiently replace using a TRM technique.
- All the strengthened RC beams exhibited lower levels of ductility index than that in the control beam. This means that the use of AR-GT fabrics as a flexural strengthening reduced the increase in deflection that occurred when the applied load increased from the yield stage to the ultimate stage.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hamilton, H.R.; Benmokrane, B.; Dolan, C.W.; Sprinkel, M. Polymer materials to enhance performance of concrete in civil infrastructure. Polym. Rev. 2009, 49, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, M.; Shen, D.; Yand, Q.; Cao, X.; Liu, C.; Kang, J. Rehabilitation of seismic-damaged reinforced concrete beam-column joints with different corrosion rates using basalt fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. Compos. Struct. 2022, 289, 115397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, D.; Li, M.; Kang, J.; Liu, C.; Li, C. Experimental studies on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete beam-column joints strengthened with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 287, 122901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Attari, N.; Youcef, Y.; Amziane, S. Seismic performance of reinforced concrete beam–column joint strengthening by frp sheets. Structures 2019, 20, 353–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Z.; Chen, W.; Tran, T.; Pham, T.; Hao, H.; Chen, Z.; Elchalakani, M. Experimental and numerical study on concrete beams reinforced with Basalt FRP bars under static and impact loads. Compos. Struct. 2021, 263, 113648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dlugosch, M.; Fritsch, J.; Lukaszewicz, D.; Hiermaier, S. Experimental Investigation and Evaluation of Numerical Modeling Approaches for Hybrid-FRP-Steel Sections under Impact Loading for the Application in Automotive Crash-Structures. Compos. Struct. 2017, 174, 338–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jahami, A.; Temsah, Y.; Khatib, J.; Baalbaki, O.; Kenai, S. The behavior of CFRP strengthened RC beams subjected to blast loading. Mag. Civ. Eng. 2021, 103, 10309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elshazli, M.; Nick Saras, N.; Ibrahim, A. Structural response of high strength concrete beams using fiber reinforced polymers under reversed cyclic loading. J. Sustain. Struct. 2022, 2, 000018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhao, X.; Noori, M. State-of-the-art review of FRP composites for major construction with high performance and longevity. Int. J. Sustain. Mater. Struct. Syst. 2014, 1, 201–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almasaeid, H.H.; Suleiman, A.; Alawneh, R. Assessment of high-temperature damaged concrete using non-destructive tests and artificial neural network modelling. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 2022, 16, e01080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Triantafillou, T.C. Textile Fibre Composites in Civil Engineering; Woodhead Publishing: Soston, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Peled, A.; Mobasher, B.; Bentur, A. Textile Reinforced Concrete; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Larbi, A.S.; Contamine, R.; Hamelin, P. TRC and hybrid solutions for repairing and/or strengthening reinforced concrete beams. Eng. Struct. 2012, 45, 12–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verbruggen, S.; Tysmans, T.; Wastiels, J. TRC or CFRP strengthening for reinforced concrete beams: An experimental study of the cracking behaviour. Eng. Struct. 2014, 77, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Triantafillou, T.C.; Papanicolaou, C.G. Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) versus Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) as Strengthening Materials of Concrete Structures. Spec. Publ. 2005, 230, 99–118. [Google Scholar]
- D’Ambrisi, A.; Focacci, F. Flexural strengthening of RC beams with cement-based composites. J. Compos. Constr. 2011, 15, 707–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ebead, U.; Shrestha, K.C.; Afzal, M.S.; El Refai, A.; Nanni, A. Effectiveness of fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix in strengthening reinforced concrete beams. J. Compos. Constr. 2017, 21, 04016084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ombres, L. Debonding analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fibre reinforced cementitious mortar. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2012, 81, 94–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elsanadedy, H.M.; Almusallam, T.H.; Alsayed, S.H.; Al-Salloum, Y.A. Flexural strengthening of RC beams using textile reinforced mortar–Experimental and numerical study. Compos. Struct. 2013, 97, 40–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babaeidarabad, S.; Loreto, G.; Nanni, A. Flexural strengthening of RC beams with an externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix. J. Compos. Constr. 2014, 18, 04014009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raoof, S.M.; Koutas, L.N.; Bournas, D.A. Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in flexural strengthening of RC beams. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 151, 279–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maio, U.; Gaetano, D.; Greco, F.; Lonetti, P.; Pranno, A. The damage effect on the dynamic characteristics of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete structures. Compos. Struct. 2023, 309, 116731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rimkus, A.; Cervenka, V.; Gribniak, V.; Cervenka, J. Uncertainty of the smeared crack model applied to RC beams. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2020, 233, 107088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohno, S.; Hannant, D. Modeling the stress-strain response of continuous fber reinforced cement composites. Mater. J. 1994, 91, 306–312. [Google Scholar]
- Peled, A.; Bentur, A.; Yankelevsky, D. Woven Fabric Reinforcement of Cement Matrix. Adv. Cem. Based Mater. J. 1994, 1, 216–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Triantafillou, T.C.; Papanicolaou, C.G. Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete members with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) jackets. Mater. Struct. 2006, 39, 93–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brückner, A.; Ortlepp, R.; Curbach, M. Textile reinforced concrete for strengthening in bending and shear. Mater. Struct. 2006, 39, 741–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amir, S.L.; Raphael, C.; Emmanuel, F.; Patrice, H. Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with textile reinforced concrete (TRC). In Advances in FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE 2010), Beijing, China, 27–29 September 2010; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; pp. 665–667. [Google Scholar]
- Giese, A.C.H.; Giese, D.N.; Dutra, V.F.P.; Da Silva Filho, L.C.P. Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with textile reinforced mortar. J. Build. Eng. 2021, 33, 101873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falliano, D.; De Domenico, D.; Ricciardi, G.; Gugliandolo, E. Improving the flexural capacity of extrudable foamed concrete with glass-fiber bi-directional grid reinforcement: An experimental study. Compos. Struct. 2019, 209, 45–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Kasasbeh, T.; Allouzi, R. Behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced foam concrete beams laterally reinforced with/without glass fiber grid. Int. J. Struct. Integr. 2020, 12, 439–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouzeboudja, F.; Ahmed, C.A. Modeling of the interface between the concrete and the fibers grid in concrete slab. J. Build. Mater. Struct. 2018, 5, 137–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sen, T.; Reddy, H. Strengthening of RC beams in flexure using jute fibre textile reinforced composite system and its comparative study with CFRP and GFRP strengthening systems. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2013, 2, 41–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.; Park, S.K.; Hong, S. Experimental study of flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beam strengthened with prestressed textile-reinforced mortar. Materials 2020, 13, 1137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, J.; Hong, S.; Park, S.K. Experimental study on flexural behavior of TRM-strengthened RC beam: Various types of textile-reinforced mortar with non-impregnated textile. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, S.; Xu, S.; Lv, H. Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with TRC tension zone cover. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2014, 26, 320–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, L.; Du, Y.; Zhou, F.; Pan, W.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, D. Flexural Behaviour of Carbon Textile-Reinforced Concrete with Prestress and Steel Fibres. Polymers 2018, 10, 98. [Google Scholar]
- Koutas, L.N.; Tetta, Z.; Bournas, D.A.; Triantafillou, T.C. Strengthening of concrete structures with textile reinforced mortars: State-of-the-art review. J. Compos. Constr. 2019, 23, 03118001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Specimen | Pcr (kN) | Δcr (mm) | Py (kN) | Δy (mm) | Pu (kN) | Δu (mm) | Pf (kN) | Δf (mm) | Ductility Index (Δu/Δy) | Strengthening Ratio for (Pu, Δu) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTRL | 17.71 | 2.24 | 23.06 | 3.71 | 34.13 | 46.13 | 26.13 | 58.84 | 12.43 | - |
INT1L | 16.84 | 2.05 | 27.23 | 4.32 | 36.28 | 52.14 | 28.39 | 62.28 | 12.07 | (6.3, -) |
INT3L | 17.99 | 2.02 | 43.45 | 9.34 | 51.87 | 21.78 | 36.77 | 51.77 | 2.33 | (52.0, 52.8) |
EXT1L | 17.89 | 1.82 | 54.87 | 11.55 | 63.01 | 32.36 | 40.06 | 78.53 | 2.80 | (84.62, 29.9) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alhorani, R.A.; Rabayah, H.S.; Abendeh, R.M.; Salman, D.G. Assessment of Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Internal and External AR-Glass Textile Systems. Buildings 2023, 13, 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051135
Alhorani RA, Rabayah HS, Abendeh RM, Salman DG. Assessment of Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Internal and External AR-Glass Textile Systems. Buildings. 2023; 13(5):1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051135
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhorani, Rana A., Hesham S. Rabayah, Raed M. Abendeh, and Donia G. Salman. 2023. "Assessment of Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Internal and External AR-Glass Textile Systems" Buildings 13, no. 5: 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051135