Source Identification and Characterization of Indoor Particulate Matter in Potala Palace Museum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Chemical Composition Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Concentration of Suspended Particulates
3.2. Chemical Composition Characteristics of Sedimentary Particulate Matter
4. Discussion
4.1. Particulate Matter Source Comprehensive Analysis
4.2. Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Particulate Matter
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Rooms | Area (m2) | Description |
---|---|---|
Basement | 47 | A small, windowless room typically kept closed. |
Stockroom 1 | 109 | A room with openable windows and occasional staff repairing scriptures. |
Stockroom 2 | 36.5 | A windowless room that is regularly cleaned and relatively tidy. |
Stockroom 3 | 164 | A room with closed windows and occasional staff activities. |
Buddha hall 1 | 102 | A room with windows, tourists, and burning incense sticks and butter lamps. |
Buddha hall 2 | 120 | |
Buddha hall 3 | 270 | A windowless room with tourists and burning incense sticks and butter lamps. |
Buddha hall 4 | 445 |
Distribution of Particle Size | <0.5 μm | 0.5–1 μm | 1–2.5 μm | 2.5–5 μm | 5–10 μm | PM2.5 | PM10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 1 | 21.9 ± 4.5 | 3.8 | 30.8 |
Basement | 1 ± 0 | 2 ± 0 | 20 ± 3.2 | 70.3 ± 9.5 | 340.1 ± 43 | 23 | 433.4 |
Stockroom 1 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 20.3 ± 2.6 | 76.6 ± 10.8 | 333.5 ± 58.9 | 23.1 | 433.2 |
Stockroom 2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 4 ± 0.9 | 11 ± 3.3 | 48.1 ± 16.6 | 5.8 | 64.9 |
Stockroom 3 | 0 ± 0 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 9.1 ± 3.2 | 45.5 ± 16 | 244.6 ± 80.4 | 9.8 | 299.9 |
Buddha Hall 1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 6.8 ± 2.3 | 8.9 ± 2 | 39.5 ± 9.7 | 10.8 | 59.3 |
Buddha Hall 2 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 6.3 ± 2.3 | 11.1 ± 5.5 | 49.1 ± 32.8 | 9.2 | 69.4 |
Buddha Hall 3 | 30.7 ± 5.1 | 46.2 ± 17.9 | 86.8 ± 51.2 | 17.8 ± 6.8 | 50.7 ± 10.7 | 163.7 | 232.3 |
Buddha Hall 4 | 25.1 ± 14.4 | 48.4 ± 32.9 | 98.8 ± 63.5 | 42 ± 24 | 163.5 ± 163.1 | 172.3 | 377.8 |
Topsoil | Plaza | Ticket Office | Incense Sticks | Construction Site | Buddha Hall 1 | Buddha Hall 2 | Buddha Hall 3 | Buddha Hall 4 | Basement | Stockroom 1 | Stockroom 2 | Stockroom 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 a | 65.74 | 59.4 | 66.4 | 20.2 | 75.4 | 50.8 | 47.8 | 53.1 | 44.0 | 54.3 | 43.1 | 43.9 | 40.9 |
CaO a | 2.1 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 32.6 | 2.0 | 16.8 | 14.1 | 11.4 | 28.4 | 18.4 | 18 | 15.7 | 20.6 |
K2O a | 31 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 13.9 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 3 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 3.8 |
MgO a | 1.19 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 8.0 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2 | 2 |
Fe2O3 a | 3.92 | 5.8 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 9.3 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 7.8 | 5.5 | 7.5 |
Al2O3 a | 13.89 | 17.9 | 14.2 | 5.8 | 11.9 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 15.5 | 11.4 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 15.5 | 13.5 |
Na2O a | 2.14 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 1.6 |
Cl | 149 | 8152.0 | 2133.0 | 12,991.0 | 126.0 | 4666.0 | 13,681 | 3379 | 1659.0 | 427 | 24,439 | 20,742 | 12,380 |
S | 255 | 2467.6 | 2800.9 | 19,638.9 | 122.6 | 6419.2 | 7494.6 | 4081.3 | 3952.0 | 1792.7 | 11,848.3 | 18,659.2 | 10,871.8 |
P | 764 | 1372.0 | 1418.0 | 20,421.0 | 487.0 | 6643.0 | 6499 | 3411 | 1008.0 | 1184 | 5345 | 7962 | 5907 |
Ti | 3320 | 4342.3 | 4009.0 | 2908.0 | 2278.7 | 5058.5 | 4862.5 | 4757 | 5633.9 | 5230.5 | 6027.7 | 5383.4 | 5195.2 |
Ba | 436 | 741.6 | 650.2 | 3381.1 | 231.1 | 0.0 | 1081 | 628.7 | 1356.0 | 596.5 | 3019.2 | 4510.5 | 11,961.4 |
Sr | 177 | 139.5 | 220.7 | 2443.8 | 275.7 | 364.4 | 88.8 | 117.5 | 612.2 | 452.4 | 113.3 | 0 | 312 |
Rb | 147 | 57.6 | 106.1 | 353.0 | 220.4 | 0.0 | 88.7 | 64.9 | 215.8 | 182 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Zr | 266 | 174.7 | 389.4 | 219.1 | 129.6 | 0.0 | 0 | 91.8 | 364.2 | 386.4 | 0 | 0 | 367.2 |
Hg | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 276 | 293.6 | 0.0 | 0 | 560.3 | 0 | 1683.7 |
Ga | 17 | 0.0 | 23.8 | 0.0 | 16.4 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 40.9 | 30.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mn | 619 | 571.5 | 521.2 | 1831.6 | 353.2 | 827.9 | 773.7 | 750.4 | 936.3 | 818.6 | 896.8 | 824 | 1020.7 |
Zn | 65 | 425.0 | 274.8 | 509.4 | 43.4 | 292.4 | 16476.4 | 197.6 | 528.6 | 160.7 | 1166.6 | 1024.4 | 907.1 |
Cr | 42 | 173.1 | 140.3 | 149.8 | 144.4 | 550.1 | 285.3 | 209.4 | 353.1 | 459.8 | 789.6 | 989.4 | 654.1 |
Cu | 22 | 189.3 | 99.9 | 167.0 | 37.5 | 1581.0 | 3829 | 2393.4 | 1006.6 | 238.1 | 2207.3 | 3561.4 | 12594.2 |
Ni | 21 | 81.7 | 59.7 | 75.4 | 40.9 | 1492.2 | 554 | 535.9 | 74.6 | 77 | 393.7 | 2573.4 | 1778.2 |
Pb | 31 | 131.8 | 118.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 232.1 | 0 | 1313.6 | 52 | 642.4 | 0 | 1947.6 |
As | 20 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 209.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Co | 10 | 129.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 278.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 245.9 | 0 | 0 |
Measuring Range | Accuracy | Resolution Ratio | Physical Drawing | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature/°C | −20~70 | ±0.3 | 0.01 | ||
Relative humidity/% | 0~100 | ±2 | 0.05 | ||
Concentration of CO2/ppm | 0~2000 | ±50 | 1 | ||
Illumination intensity/Lux | 0~10,000 | ±4% | 0.06 | ||
Ultraviolet intensity μw/cm2 | 0.02~230 | ±8% | 0.01 |
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Zhang, G.; Li, W.; Cheng, Q.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, Q.; Peng, Z. Source Identification and Characterization of Indoor Particulate Matter in Potala Palace Museum. Buildings 2023, 13, 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092138
Zhang G, Li W, Cheng Q, Zhou Z, Wang Q, Peng Z. Source Identification and Characterization of Indoor Particulate Matter in Potala Palace Museum. Buildings. 2023; 13(9):2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092138
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ge, Wenqing Li, Qian Cheng, Zhipeng Zhou, Qiaochu Wang, and Zhiyuan Peng. 2023. "Source Identification and Characterization of Indoor Particulate Matter in Potala Palace Museum" Buildings 13, no. 9: 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092138