Adobe Blocks Reinforced with Vegetal Fibres: Mechanical and Thermal Characterisation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Adobe: A Heritage to Be Rediscovered and Preserved
2. Case Study
Work Methodology
3. Materials and Method
3.1. Phase I: Characterisation of Original Adobe
3.1.1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fluorescence Spectrometry (FRX)
3.1.2. Assessment of Aggregate Properties
3.1.3. Determination of the Insoluble Residue in HCl, Capillary Absorption, and Density of the Material
3.1.4. Particle Size Analysis
3.1.5. Thermal Conductivity
3.2. Phase 2: Fibre-Reinforced Adobes—Production and Characterisation
3.2.1. Production of Adobe with Fibres
3.2.2. Physical and Mechanical Characterisation
3.2.3. Carbonation Test and Capillary Absorption Coefficient
4. Results and Use
4.1. Results for Characterication Results on Original Adobe and then Section
4.1.1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (FRX)
4.1.2. Determination of the Residue Insoluble in HCl, Capillary Absorption Density, and Conductivity of the Original Adobe
4.1.3. Assessment of Aggregate Properties: Granulometric Analysis
4.2. Characterisation of Fibre-Containing Adobes
4.2.1. Physical Properties: Density and Thermal Conductivity
4.2.2. Results Carbonation Test and Capillary Absorption Coefficient
4.2.3. Mechanical Properties: Flexure
4.2.4. Mechanical Properties: Compression
4.2.5. Elasticity Module
5. Discussion of Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Adobe Sample | Acronym | Fibres % | Fmax (σc) [N] | σc [MPa] | Fmax (σf) [N] | σf [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1.1 | 2375.00 | 1.48 | 189.06 | 0.44 | ||
P1* | P1.2 | 0 | 2484.38 | 1.55 | 219.06 | 0.51 |
P1.3 | 2587.50 | 1.61 | 205 | 0.48 | ||
Average | 2482.29 | 1.55 | 204.37 | 0.48 | ||
Stand. Dev. | 106.26 | 0.06 | 15.01 | 0.03 | ||
Variation | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||
P2.1_L1-3 | 1725.00 | 1.07 | 225.00 | 0.52 | ||
P2 | P2.2_L1-3 | 1 | 164.63 | 1.02 | 172.50 | 0.40 |
P2.3_L1-3 | 1434.38 | 0.89 | 170.94 | 0.40 | ||
Media | 1600.00 | 1.00 | 189.48 | 0.44 | ||
Stand. Dev. | 149.51 | 0.09 | 30.77 | 0.07 | ||
Variation | 0.09 | 0.09 | 1.16 | 0.16 | ||
P3.1_L1-3 | 921.87 | 0.57 | 152.18 | 0.35 | ||
P3 | P3.2_L1-3 | 2 | 1131.25 | 0.70 | 111.87 | 0.26 |
P3.3_L1-3 | 1106.25 | 0.69 | 73.43 | 0.17 | ||
Media | 1053.13 | 0.65 | 112.50 | 0.26 | ||
Stand. Dev. | 114.35 | 0.071 | 39.37 | 0.09 | ||
Variation | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.35 | ||
P4.1_L3-6 | 1068.75 | 0.66 | 176.87 | 0.41 | ||
P4 | P4.2_L3-6 | 1 | 1187.50 | 0.74 | 185.94 | 0.43 |
P4.3_L3-6 | 1181.25 | 0.73 | 184.68 | 0.43 | ||
Media | 1145.83 | 0.71 | 182.50 | 0.42 | ||
Stand. Dev. | 66.83 | 0.04 | 4.91 | 0.01 | ||
Variation | 0.058 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.027 | ||
P5.1_L3-6 | 1034.38 | 0.64 | 129.37 | 0.30 | ||
P5 | P5.2_L3-6 | 2 | 1040.63 | 0.65 | 179.68 | 0.42 |
P5.3_L3-6 ** | 871.87 | 0.54 | 121.87 | 0.28 | ||
Media | 982.29 | 0.59 | 143.64 | 0.33 | ||
Stand. Dev. | 95.67 | 0.09 | 31.43 | 0.07 | ||
Variation | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.21 | ||
P6.1_L3-6 | 568.75 | 0.35 | 79.37 | 0.18 | ||
P6 | P6.2_L3-6 | 3 | 746.87 | 0.46 | 79.68 | 0.18 |
P6.3_L3-6 | 576.25 | 0.47 | 69.37 | 0.16 | ||
Media | 690.62 | 0.43 | 76.14 | 0.17 | ||
Stand. Dev. | 105.65 | 0.06 | 5.86 | 0.01 | ||
Variation | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||
Media | 1315.70 | 0.82 | 151.44 | 0.35 | ||
Stand. Dev. | 607.09 | 0.37 | 51.40 | 0.12 | ||
Variation | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
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Initial Weight (50 g) | m (g) | C (g) | F (g) | Double Weighing (g) m + C | Insoluble Residue (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ma1 | m1 = 44.00 | C1 = 82.85 | F1 = 1.64 | 125.59–125.68 | 1 = 0.008 |
ma2 | m2 = 48.31 | C2 = 78.34 | F2 = 1.60 | 125.92–129.83 | 2 = 0.009 |
ma3 | m3 = 49.34 | C3 = 77.59 | F3 = 1.60 | 175.85–117.86 | 3 = 0.009 |
Adobe Specimens Ref. | Fibres % | Fibre Length [cm] | Soil [kg] | Fine Sand 0.25 µ [kg] | Binder Ca (OH)2 [kg] | Ratio 4:1 (W/St) [kg] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P11 | 0 | 0 | constant value: 17.85 | constant value: 2.16 | constant value: 5 | constant value: 6 |
P2.x_L1-3 | 1 | 1–3 | ||||
P3.x_L1-3 | 2 | 1–3 | ||||
P4.x_L3-6 | 1 | 3–6 | ||||
P5.x_L3-6 | 2 | 3–6 | ||||
P6.x_L3-6 | 3 | 3–6 |
Adobe Sample | Fibres %-L | ρ [kg/m3] | λ [W/(mK)] | Fmax (σc) [N] | σc [MPa | Fmax (σf) [N] | σf [MPa] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHASE I | P0 | - | 1933.71 | 0.754 | ||||
PHASE II | P1 | - | 1741.33 | 0.546 | 2482.29 | 1.55 | 204.37 | 0.48 |
P2 | 1%-1–3 cm | 1431.33 | 0.529 | 1600.00 | 1.00 | 189.48 | 0.44 | |
P3 | 2%-1–3 cm | 1542.33 | 0.298 | 1053.13 | 0.65 | 112.50 | 0.26 | |
P4 | 1%-3–6 cm | 1445.33 | 0.550 | 1145.83 | 0.71 | 182.50 | 0.42 | |
P5 | 2%-3–6 cm | 1546.67 | 0.453 | 982.29 | 0.59 | 143.64 | 0.33 | |
P6 | 3%-3–6 cm | 1279.00 | 0.298 | 1315.70 | 0.82 | 151.44 | 0.35 | |
PHASE III | Correlation between the properties resulting from the above tests. |
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Rocco, A.; Vicente, R.; Rodrigues, H.; Ferreira, V. Adobe Blocks Reinforced with Vegetal Fibres: Mechanical and Thermal Characterisation. Buildings 2024, 14, 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082582
Rocco A, Vicente R, Rodrigues H, Ferreira V. Adobe Blocks Reinforced with Vegetal Fibres: Mechanical and Thermal Characterisation. Buildings. 2024; 14(8):2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082582
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocco, Angelica, Romeu Vicente, Hugo Rodrigues, and Victor Ferreira. 2024. "Adobe Blocks Reinforced with Vegetal Fibres: Mechanical and Thermal Characterisation" Buildings 14, no. 8: 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082582