Seismic Behavior of Composite Columns with High-Strength Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Flanges and Honeycomb Steel Webs Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analysis Process of the Paper
3. Specimen Design
4. Finite Element Model (FEM)
4.1. Constitutive Models of Materials
- (1)
- The compression analysis stress-strain relationship expression is as follows:
- (2)
- The tensile stress-strain relationship formulation is as follows:
4.2. The Establishment of FEM
4.2.1. The Selection of Element and Contact
4.2.2. Boundary Conditions and Loading
4.2.3. Grid Division
4.3. Experimental Verification of Finite Element Models
4.3.1. STHCC Model Validation
4.3.2. Model Validation of Short Columns with Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubes
4.3.3. Model Validation of High-Strength Concrete Columns with Square Steel Tubes
5. Parameter Investigation
5.1. Hysteresis Curves
5.2. Skeleton Curves
5.3. Energy Dissipation Capacity
5.4. Stiffness Degradation
5.5. Ductility
5.6. The Failure Mode of the Specimens
6. The Restoring Force Model
6.1. The Simplified Trilinear Skeleton Curve Model
6.2. Degradation Law of Stiffness
6.3. Restoring Force Model
6.4. Comparison of Skeleton Curves
6.5. Comparison of Hysteresis Curves
6.6. Design Recommendations
- (1)
- As the steel ratio of the section increases, both the peak load and the ductility of the composite column’s horizontal bearing capacity significantly enhance. However, the increase in the steel ratio of the section has minimal influence on the column’s energy dissipation capacity. Therefore, a steel ratio of the section between 4.23% and 6.45% is recommended.
- (2)
- As the concrete strength increases, the composite column’s peak load and energy dissipation capacity improve. However, excessively high concrete strength leads to rapid load decay and reduced ductility after freeze-thaw cycles. The recommended cubic compressive strength of concrete is 70 MPa.
- (3)
- As the shear span ratio increases, the composite column’s secant stiffness at the beginning of loading significantly decreases, leading to a reduction in energy dissipation capacity and peak horizontal bearing capacity. From the perspectives of good ductility and safety, the shear span ratio should be maintained between 2.5 and 3.0.
- (4)
- With an increase in the axial compression ratio, the related reduction in the composite column’s energy dissipation capacity and ductility is minor, but the rate of strength decay under various loads accelerates. From the perspectives of economics, energy dissipation, and ductility, the axial compression ratio should be around 0.6.
7. Conclusions
- Within the parameter range studied in this paper, the hysteretic curves of STHHCs show an ideal spindle shape, which reflects the excellent energy dissipation capacity of this new kind of composite column. The specimen is dominated by buckling deformation. The deformation at the column base is obvious, and an outer drum deformation occurs. The round hole at the bottom of the honeycomb steel web is buckled;
- All composite columns show excellent energy dissipation capacity. The equivalent viscous damping coefficient of STHHCs under different parameters decreases with the increase in Nc. The composite column’s equivalent viscous damping coefficient increases with an increase in αs and decreases along with λs and n0;
- After experiencing the freeze-thaw cycle, all the STHHCs experience the phenomenon of stiffness degradation under the action of horizontal reciprocating load. With the increase in Nc, the initial stiffness of the specimen under diverse parameters gradually decreases. With the increase of αs and n0, the stiffness of composite columns increases gradually. With the increase of λs, the stiffness of the specimen obviously decreases;
- After freeze-thaw cycles, all specimens showed good ductility. With the increase in Nc, n0, and λs, the displacement ductility coefficient of the specimen decreases gradually. With the increase in αs, the displacement ductility coefficient of the specimen obviously increases;
- According to the hysteresis curves and skeleton curves, the trilinear skeleton curve model and the restoring force model are established, and the hysteresis rules are defined. The curves calculated by the skeleton curve model and the restoring force model are in good agreement with the finite element analysis results.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimens | b × h1 × hw × t1 /mm | L /mm | Nc | λs | n0 | as /% | fcu /MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STHHC-1 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 0 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-2 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 100 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-3 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 200 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-4 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 300 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-5 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 6 | 2600 | 0 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 6.45 | 70 |
STHHC-6 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 6 | 2600 | 100 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 6.45 | 70 |
STHHC-7 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 6 | 2600 | 200 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 6.45 | 70 |
STHHC-8 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 6 | 2600 | 300 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 6.45 | 70 |
STHHC-9 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 8 | 2600 | 0 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 8.74 | 70 |
STHHC-10 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 8 | 2600 | 100 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 8.74 | 70 |
STHHC-11 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 8 | 2600 | 200 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 8.74 | 70 |
STHHC-12 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 8 | 2600 | 300 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 8.74 | 70 |
STHHC-13 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2080 | 0 | 2.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-14 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2080 | 100 | 2.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-15 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2080 | 200 | 2.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-16 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2080 | 300 | 2.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-17 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 3120 | 0 | 3.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-18 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 3120 | 100 | 3.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-19 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 3120 | 200 | 3.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-20 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 3120 | 300 | 3.00 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-21 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 0 | 2.50 | 0.60 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-22 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 100 | 2.50 | 0.60 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-23 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 200 | 2.50 | 0.60 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-24 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 300 | 2.50 | 0.60 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-25 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 0 | 2.50 | 0.80 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-26 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 100 | 2.50 | 0.80 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-27 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 200 | 2.50 | 0.80 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-28 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 300 | 2.50 | 0.80 | 4.23 | 70 |
STHHC-29 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 0 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 60 |
STHHC-30 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 100 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 60 |
STHHC-31 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 200 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 60 |
STHHC-32 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 300 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 60 |
STHHC-33 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 0 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 80 |
STHHC-34 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 100 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 80 |
STHHC-35 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 200 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 80 |
STHHC-36 | 500 × 320 × 400 × 4 | 2600 | 300 | 2.50 | 0.40 | 4.23 | 80 |
Specimens | h1 × b × hw × t2 × t1 /mm | λ | l /mm | ξ | fyf /MPa | fcu /MPa | /kN | /kN | /% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
STHCC-1 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 1.7 | 12.82 | 370 | 0.60 | 269 | 49.50 | 740.0 | 763.4 | 3.17 |
STHCC-2 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 2.3 | 12.82 | 370 | 0.88 | 282 | 49.50 | 871.7 | 864.5 | 0.83 |
STHCC-3 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 3.8 | 12.82 | 370 | 1.60 | 286 | 49.50 | 1175.6 | 1150.8 | 2.11 |
STHCC-4 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 2.3 | 12.82 | 370 | 0.82 | 282 | 53.17 | 1070.4 | 1057.4 | 1.21 |
STHCC-5 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 2.3 | 12.82 | 370 | 0.66 | 282 | 55.69 | 1172.7 | 1152.3 | 1.73 |
STHCC-6 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 2.3 | 12.82 | 370 | 0.78 | 282 | 65.60 | 1015.9 | 1020.1 | 0.41 |
STHCC-7 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 8 × 1.7 | 12.82 | 370 | 0.60 | 269 | 49.50 | 752.6 | 789.6 | 4.91 |
STHCC-8 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 11 × 2.7 | 12.82 | 370 | 0.60 | 269 | 49.50 | 796.7 | 834.1 | 4.69 |
STHCC-9 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 2.3 | 9.35 | 270 | 0.88 | 282 | 49.50 | 947.0 | 936.9 | 1.06 |
STHCC-10 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 2.3 | 16.28 | 470 | 0.88 | 282 | 49.50 | 841.1 | 829.0 | 1.36 |
STHCC-11 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 1.7 | 9.35 | 270 | 0.60 | 269 | 49.50 | 772.9 | 787.8 | 1.93 |
STHCC-12 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 1.7 | 16.28 | 470 | 0.60 | 269 | 49.50 | 741.1 | 762.8 | 2.92 |
STHCC-13 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 3.8 | 9.35 | 270 | 1.60 | 286 | 49.50 | 1276.0 | 1299.1 | 1.81 |
STHCC-14 | 50 × 100 × 100 × 6 × 3.8 | 16.28 | 470 | 1.60 | 286 | 49.50 | 1069.0 | 1080.5 | 1.07 |
Specimens | D /mm | L /mm | t /mm | fcu /MPa | α | fy /MPa | /kN | /kN | /% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC2-0 | 100 | 300 | 2.06 | 63.7 | 0.113 | 338.4 | 808.38 | 834.96 | 3.34 |
SC2-100 | 100 | 300 | 2.06 | 63.7 | 0.113 | 338.4 | 783.77 | 802.04 | 2.32 |
SC2-200 | 100 | 300 | 2.06 | 63.7 | 0.113 | 338.4 | 808.99 | 832.09 | 2.83 |
SC2-300 | 100 | 300 | 2.06 | 63.7 | 0.113 | 338.4 | 749.10 | 775.16 | 3.41 |
S2-0 | 100 | 300 | 2.00 | 83.9 | 0.085 | 184.7 | 861.67 | 814.23 | 5.83 |
S2-100 | 100 | 300 | 2.00 | 83.9 | 0.085 | 184.7 | 783.92 | 778.60 | 0.68 |
S2-200 | 100 | 300 | 2.00 | 83.9 | 0.085 | 184.7 | 777.55 | 754.89 | 3.00 |
S2-300 | 100 | 300 | 2.00 | 83.9 | 0.085 | 184.7 | 663.06 | 715.48 | 7.91 |
S3-0 | 100 | 300 | 3.00 | 83.9 | 0.132 | 176.5 | 891.58 | 856.82 | 4.06 |
S3-100 | 100 | 300 | 3.00 | 83.9 | 0.132 | 176.5 | 775.53 | 800.38 | 3.20 |
S3-200 | 100 | 300 | 3.00 | 83.9 | 0.132 | 176.5 | 754.48 | 815.90 | 8.14 |
S3-300 | 100 | 300 | 3.00 | 83.9 | 0.132 | 176.5 | 722.31 | 772.20 | 6.91 |
Specimens | B × t × L /mm | λ | α | nt | fy /MPa | fcu,k /MPa | /kN | /kN | /% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FGZ-1 | 150 × 5.5 × 900 | 12.82 | 0.165 | 0.5 | 291.8 | 65.1 | 108.3 | 111.3 | 2.78 |
FGZ-2 | 150 × 5.5 × 900 | 12.82 | 0.165 | 0.5 | 291.8 | 65.1 | 112.1 | 111.3 | 0.72 |
FGZ-3 | 150 × 3.1 × 900 | 12.82 | 0.088 | 0.5 | 252.6 | 65.1 | 83.4 | 87.6 | 5.03 |
FGZ-4 | 150 × 3.1 × 900 | 12.82 | 0.088 | 0.5 | 252.6 | 65.1 | 82.1 | 87.6 | 6.70 |
FGZ-5 | 150 × 5.5 × 900 | 12.82 | 0.165 | 0.7 | 291.8 | 65.1 | 85.2 | 91.2 | 7.04 |
FGZ-6 | 150 × 5.5 × 900 | 12.82 | 0.165 | 0.7 | 291.8 | 65.1 | 84.1 | 91.2 | 8.44 |
FGZ-7 | 150 × 5.5 × 1250 | 12.82 | 0.165 | 0.5 | 291.8 | 65.1 | 87.9 | 89.7 | 2.04 |
FGZ-8 | 150 × 5.5 × 1250 | 12.82 | 0.165 | 0.5 | 291.8 | 65.1 | 83.3 | 89.7 | 7.68 |
Section | Regression Equation | Slope |
---|---|---|
OD | P/P+max = 4.604(Δ/Δ+max) | 4.604 |
DE | P/P+max = 0.97(Δ/Δ+max) + 0.669 | 0.970 |
EF | P/P+max = −0.0657(Δ/Δ+max) + 1.022 | −0.066 |
OC | P/|P−max| = 4.608(Δ/|Δ−max|) | 4.608 |
CB | P/|P−max| = 1.007(Δ/|Δ−max|) − 0.664 | 1.007 |
BA | P/|P−max| = −0.0688(Δ/|Δ−max|) − 1.023 | −0.069 |
Stage | Regression Equation | R2 |
---|---|---|
Positive unloading | K1/K+0 = 0.8176(Δ1/Δ+max)−0.4496 | 0.8577 |
Negative loading | K2/K−0 = −1.982ln(Δ2/Δ+max + 0.0028) + 0.1774 | 0.9109 |
Negative unloading | K3/K−0 = 0.6339(Δ3/Δ−max)−0.1434 | 0.8200 |
Positive loading | K4/K+0 = 0.3344(Δ4/Δ−max)−1.0348 | 0.8506 |
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Ji, J.; Yang, H.; Jiang, L.; Yuan, C.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Hou, X.; Zhang, Z.; Chu, X. Seismic Behavior of Composite Columns with High-Strength Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Flanges and Honeycomb Steel Webs Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Buildings 2024, 14, 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092640
Ji J, Yang H, Jiang L, Yuan C, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Hou X, Zhang Z, Chu X. Seismic Behavior of Composite Columns with High-Strength Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Flanges and Honeycomb Steel Webs Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092640
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Jing, Hengfei Yang, Liangqin Jiang, Chaoqing Yuan, Yingchun Liu, Yu Zhang, Xiaomeng Hou, Zhanbin Zhang, and Xuan Chu. 2024. "Seismic Behavior of Composite Columns with High-Strength Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Flanges and Honeycomb Steel Webs Subjected to Freeze-Thaw Cycles" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092640