Review of Wind Field Characteristics of Downbursts and Wind Effects on Structures under Their Action
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Downburst Wind Fields
2.1. Field Measurement Studies
2.2. Wind Tunnel Experimental Studies
2.3. Theoretical Analysis and Research
2.4. Numerical Simulation Studies
3. Effects of Wind on Transmission Line-Tower Systems under Downbursts
4. Effects of Wind on Building Roofs under Downbursts
5. Wind Effect of Tall Buildings under Downburst
6. Wind Effect of Other Structures under Downburst
7. Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Country | Number of Downburst Events | Maximum Horizontal Velocity | Height of Maximum Horizontal Velocity | Radial Position of Maximum Horizontal Velocity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wilson [16] | USA | 1 | 26 m/s | 600 m | approximately 4 km |
Hjelmfelt [3] | USA | 11 | 20–30 m/s | 50–100 m | approximately 3–4 km |
Chen [20] | USA | 2 | 30.6 m/s | 50–100 m | approximately 4–5 km |
Lombardo [21] | USA | 7 | 29–36 m/s | 10 m | approximately 1.5 km |
Solari [24,25] | Europe | 141 | 33.98 m/s | 24–26 m | approximately 3–5 km |
Zhang [26,27,28,29] | Italy | 277 | 20–30 m/s | 24–26 m | approximately 4–5 km |
Choi [4,5] | Singapore | Multiple events | 26.2–40 m/s | 15–20 m | approximately 1–2 km |
Yu [32] | China | 1 | 22–24 m/s | 500–600 m | approximately 4 km |
Huang [34,35] | China | 8 | 22–24 m/s | 10–30 m | approximately 4 km |
Zhang [36,37,38] | China | Multiple events | 20–24 m/s | 280 m | approximately 4 km |
Liu [39,40] | China | 29 | 37.6 m/s | 60–160 m | approximately 1–3 km |
Author | Country | Mean Turbulence Intensity | Comments/Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Solari et al. [24,25,26] | Italy | 0.12 | The study indicates that the turbulence intensity of thunderstorm outflows is relatively low and shows little variation compared to classical weather events. |
Liu et al. [39,40] | China | 0.15–0.25 | The study shows that as height increases, the turbulence intensity of downbursts decreases, with significant fluctuations in the longitudinal and lateral turbulence intensities. |
Lombardo et al. [21] | USA | 0.129 | The study reveals that the turbulence intensity in thunderstorm events is lower than in traditional weather events, and varying averaging methods may lead to different results, posing challenges for building code design. |
Choi [4,5] | Singapore | 0.34–0.38 | The study shows that the gust factors and turbulence intensities during tropical thunderstorms are much higher than under non-thunderstorm conditions, which is critical for wind load design standards in Singapore. |
Research Method | Method Overview | Main Findings | Advantages and Disadvantages |
---|---|---|---|
Field Measurements [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] | Recording downburst events using Doppler radar and anemometers. | Proposed an automatic identification method for extreme winds like downbursts, explored the vertical and horizontal structure of the wind field. | Can reflect the characteristics of the downburst wind field more accurately and reliably; however, it is limited by the randomness of the events and the limitations of the data. |
Wind Tunnel Experiments [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58] | Simulating near-ground wind fields of downbursts using wall jet and impinging jet devices. | Revealed the velocity distribution of the downburst wind field under different parameters. | Can repeat experiments in a controlled environment, providing detailed wind field data; however, the simulation conditions are limited, making it difficult to fully reproduce the natural conditions of downbursts. |
Theoretical Analysis [59,60,61,62] | Using various mathematical and physical methods to propose different wind speed profile models. | Established analytical models of the downburst wind field. | Can provide preliminary predictions and understanding of complex wind field phenomena; however, the simplified models may deviate from actual conditions. |
Numerical Simulation [63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74] | Using CFD technology to simulate downburst wind fields. | Clarified the vortex structure and turbulence characteristics of downbursts. | Can handle complex boundary conditions and nonlinear flows with low computational cost; however, the research results depend on the accuracy of the simulations. |
Authors | Transmission Tower Type | Finite Element Model/Methods | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|
Savory et al. [81] | Lattice transmission tower. | Dynamic structural analysis with ABAQUS to model wind loading. | microbursts have less impact due to lower intensity. |
Shehata et al. [82,83] | Tangent suspension tower (Manitoba). | 3D linear elastic frame elements for towers; 2D curved beam elements with non-linearity for conductors. | HIW, such as downbursts, significantly affect transmission towers and should be included in design codes, especially with non-linear effects of conductors. |
Damatty et al. [84] | Various transmission towers. | Simplified procedure for estimating longitudinal forces using parametric study and interpolation. | Developed a practical method to estimate the maximum longitudinal force on transmission towers due to downbursts, accounting for variations in the size and location of the downburst. |
Damatty et al. [85,86] | Various transmission towers. | New technique for analyzing multi-spanned conductors under HIW. | Proposed a technique significantly faster than FEA, with only minor discrepancies in displacement and reactions, making it highly efficient for parametric studies. |
Yang et al. [87] | 110 kV inland transmission tower and 500 kV coastal transmission tower. | Elastic beam and link elements, ANSYS software for structural analysis. | The study found that inland towers face higher wind loads under downburst conditions compared to normal wind, leading to potential failure in upper sections of the tower. |
Researcher | Roof Type | Research Content | Main Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|
Matthew [103] | Flat Roof | Studied the wind load characteristics on low-rise buildings under downburst using LES technology. | Transient lift and drag coefficients are significantly affected during downburst events; flow field characteristics such as circulation and separation vortices have an important impact on building surface wind pressure. |
Jubayer [104] | Flat Roof | Studied the wind pressure distributions on a low-rise building in a laboratory-simulated downburst. | The maximum pulsating wind pressure occurred at the foot of the roof. |
Chen Yong [105] | Flat Roof | Studied the dynamic response of flat roofs under moving downbursts using the DSHM model combined with CFD technology. | Wind pressure coefficient decreases with increasing jet velocity and increases with the first natural frequency of the roof. |
Chen Bo [106] | Flat Roof | Studied the wind load distribution on flat roofs under downburst using CFD numerical simulation technology. | The wind pressure distribution on flat roofs is closely related to the distance from the downburst center; as the distance increases, the roof pressure changes from positive to negative. |
Asano [107] | Flat Roof | studied the wind pressure distribution characteristics of low-rise buildings Using a moving downburst simulator. | Pulsed jet with or without moving produces larger negative pressures onthe roof and larger positive pressures on the wall than the turbulentboundary layer. |
Zhang [108] | Sloped Roof | Simulated downburst using an impinging jet device to study the wind load characteristics on low-rise buildings with different geometries. | Low-slope double-pitched and conical roofs generate higher lift in the downburst center area compared to flat roofs and high-slope double-pitched roofs. |
Jesson [109] | Sloped Roof | Studied the wind pressure coefficients on low-rise buildings with different wall heights under downburst using a transient wind simulator. | Low-rise buildings under downburst experience positive pressure on the windward side and suction on the roof, leeward side, and sides; the wind pressure distribution is closely related to building height and wind direction. |
Wang Zhisong [110,111] | Sloped Roof | Simulated downburst using an impinging jet device to study the wind pressure distribution on low-rise buildings at different radial distances and other parameters. | When the building’s radial distance is greater than the nozzle diameter, the roof wind pressure decreases with increasing radial distance; the absolute values of wind pressure on the leeward and side surfaces first increase and then decrease with increasing radial distance. |
Ji Bofeng [112] | Sloped Roof | Studied the effect of different radial distances and wind directions on the surface wind pressure of double-pitched roofs through wind tunnel experiments. | When the roof slope is large, significant positive pressure is generated on the windward side, while the leeward side and other areas experience greater negative pressure; changes in wind direction further increase the uneven distribution of wind pressure. |
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Zhang, S.; Guo, K.; Yang, Q.; Xu, X. Review of Wind Field Characteristics of Downbursts and Wind Effects on Structures under Their Action. Buildings 2024, 14, 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092653
Zhang S, Guo K, Yang Q, Xu X. Review of Wind Field Characteristics of Downbursts and Wind Effects on Structures under Their Action. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092653
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shi, Kexin Guo, Qingshan Yang, and Xiaoda Xu. 2024. "Review of Wind Field Characteristics of Downbursts and Wind Effects on Structures under Their Action" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092653