Rehabilitation of Heritage Buildings in Conflict Zones: A Case Study of Al-Khader Library in Gaza Strip and Its Impact on Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. International Considerations
1.2. UNESCO’s Role in Palestine
1.3. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals
1.4. Application of the Quintuple Helix Model in Heritage Building Rehabilitation
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Aim, Objectives, and Significant
- (1)
- Evaluating the restoration process and users’ experiences within the building rehabilitation.
- (2)
- Assess how the library function aligns with the SDGs.
2.2. Research Method and Data Collection
- (1)
- Observation
- (2)
- Interviews
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Case Study Background
3.1. Case Study Area
3.2. Overview of the Al-Khader Historical Building
4. Al-Khader Building Restoration Analysis
4.1. Pre-Restoration Conditions
- A.
- Preliminary Assessment
- Site analysis and historical research:
- Identification of degradations and damages:
- Cracking: Hair cracks (minor) were identified in several structural elements, likely caused by thermal expansion, freeze–thaw cycles, or mechanical stress, especially in the older parts as in Figure 4B. Some cracks were superficial, while others appeared to penetrate deeper, splitting and fracturing the stone in the L-shaped area as in Figure 4C.
- Scaling: Extensive scaling was observed, particularly on vertical and dome surfaces. This form of decay manifests as the detachment of stone layers, often due to thermal stress or moisture infiltration, leading to the loss of surface material.
- Biological Colonisation: The presence of lichens, moss, and other biological organisms was noted on the shaded and moisture-retentive areas of the sandstone. This type of decay can lead to the biochemical deterioration of the stone surface (Figure 4E,F).
- Efflorescence: White, powdery deposits were observed on the surface, indicating the presence of soluble salts. This decay pattern is particularly problematic as it can lead to further deterioration, which leads to extensive scaling and peeling patterns, major disintegrations, and splintering (Figure 4B).
- B.
- Diagnosis:
- Condition assessment:
- Exterior condition assessment:
- 2.
- Interior condition assessments:
4.2. During Restoration
- A.
- Planning:
- Conservation Plan Development:
- Stakeholder Consultation:
- B.
- Intervention:
- Execution of Restoration Works:
- The discovered lower space was repurposed as a gallery, utilising a concrete structure.
- The upper space located in the western area above the gallery was used as an art room. The eastern stone wall of the art room was repaired, while the remaining walls were constructed from concrete.
- Additional facilities, including toilets and a small kitchenette, were combined using concrete construction, which was only used for the new part.
- Plastering Works: The old cement works and plants were removed, and traditional plastering from lime (hydrated lime) and sand was applied to the domes to fill the cracks between stones. Grouting from lime and sand was utilised on the exterior walls to maintain the stone appearance. The damaged section of the northern wall was reconstructed using traditional methods, incorporating imported sandstone from the West Bank, Palestine (Figure 8A). This approach ensured that the new structure closely matched the existing one, thereby enhancing its sustainability.
- Arch Construction: A semi-circular arch was constructed to recognise the art room in the new area from the pointed arches that were originally present in the old part of the building (Figure 8B). This arch was designed in a different style to showcase the contrast between the current and old styles.
- Ceiling Steel Structure: A steel mesh structure was integrated to enclose the courtyard and the building, preserving both. Portions of the ceiling were installed with vibrant plastic decorations, adding a touch of colour. This architectural addition has transformed the space into a communal area for shared use (Figure 8C). A system of solar panels was installed on the roof to enhance energy efficiency and support environmental sustainability (Figure 8D).
- Ceiling Work: In the three hemispherical domes, these potteries were filled with plaster and painted with lime to blend in seamlessly with the walls. The domes underwent structural consolidation in various areas with traditional plastering techniques employed to fill in the scaled and cracked sections, ensuring the integrity and continuity of the surface (Figure 9A,B).
- Plastering Work: The old cement work and scaling sections were removed, and traditional plastering using a mixture of hydrated lime and sand was applied to the interior walls and ceiling, effectively filling the joints and cracks between the stones. The conservation team diversified the appearance of the stones in the interior walls. Stones in good condition were maintained without plastering, and those in poor condition were maintained and plastered, especially on the upper level. The stones on the lower part were cleaned of lichens, moss, and other biological organisms, while the efflorescence was removed mechanically using a sponge with distilled water.
- Tiling Works: The upper spaces of the building and the courtyard were paved, while the tiles in the underground part were preserved.
- Electrical and Sanitation Work: Electrical systems were embedded in the stone walls before plastering and filling the joints to provide suitable lighting for all spaces. Plastering and filling joints also concealed air conditioning and solar energy installations.
- Drainage Work: Drainage work was primarily performed for specific service areas, such as the kitchen and toilets. A rainwater drainage system was installed in the courtyard and on the building’s roof.
5. Post-Restoration: Al-Khader Building Rehabilitation Evaluation
5.1. Post-Restoration Evaluation: The Building
5.2. Post-Occupancy Evaluation: User Experience
“The library is the jewel of our work at NAWA. Despite the difficult context in Gaza, it is spreading hope and positively impacting children’s learning and well-being. It is changing lives”.
“The surrounding neighbourhood does not have a public library. Reusing the building for a library is a successful decision and a local community need”.
“I am not optimistic that this building’s new function as a children’s library will really help and serve the community.”
“I love the place. I feel happy coming here with my friends to read, learn new things, and play in a friendly and safe environment”.
6. Results and Discussion: Project Goals Evaluation (Level of Success)
- Government System: First, the restoration and rehabilitation decision-making included the needs of the surrounding local community for the new function. Second, the financer requested an integrated project to serve more locals and benefit from this new function of the al-Khader building. Third, the financial support comes from an external sponsor that covers the building restoration. However, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities has approved and overseen the restoration project. Fourth, the library management team is active and works on improving educational activities according to the needs of the children and the local community. However, these demands must be considered more to comply indirectly with Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and directly with Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).
- Education System: The new function of the building is to focus on the educational part involved in the non-academic learning process for school children. The new function as a library plays a significant role in promoting sustainability development and heritage preservation, which is directly connected with Goals 4 (Quality Education) and 17 (Partnerships for the Goals).
- Economic System: Generally, the cultural tourism industry has a positive effect on local communities by generating new employment opportunities, businesses, events, and attractions. This beneficial impact aids in diversifying the local economy and fostering growth. In the case of al-Khader, it provides a limited number of jobs, events, and local attractions. However, considering that the Gaza Strip is a conflict zone with complete blockade restrictions, it does not attract foreign tourists from other cities or countries. Nevertheless, this project offers supplementary services to the local community. This effort directly aligns with Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), Goal 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), and Goal 17 (Partnerships for the Goals).
- Civil Society System: The importance of reusing cultural heritage buildings had limited awareness at the beginning, showing the lack of community support and the lack of community engagement with library activities. Accordingly, the library management has hosted several community events and activities to promote the library. Furthermore, the library supports various activities and lectures and fosters parental involvement in decision-making. Also, the centre established a parent club to enhance the library’s programmes and activities for children. The centre has a substantial role in engaging with local communities. While the centre does not focus on empowering women and supporting local communities financially, it is not directly dedicated to these causes. These actions are aligned indirectly with Goal 1 (No Poverty) and Goal 5 (Gender Equality) and directly with Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth).
- Environmental System: The conservation of heritage buildings, such as the al-Khader building, can have a positive environmental impact by reducing pollution and preserving local materials and resources. Moreover, environmental considerations, such as energy efficiency, are considered during the conservation and maintenance process. For instance, the building utilises solar panels to conserve energy and lower electricity expenses. The al-Khader building has a beneficial environmental effect, directly contributing to achieving Goal 7 (Energy) and indirectly to Goal 13 (Climate Action).
- Restoration process: Any additions, materials, utilities, or technical systems added to a traditional building must not detract from its appearance and perception of it. The conservation team, including workers, designers, and professionals, must be knowledgeable about the rules and techniques of conservation.
- In the context of building rehabilitation, a vital focus has been placed on meeting the social needs of the neighbouring communities. This emphasis on addressing these needs has added significant utility to these structures and firmly secured their long-term viability and endurance. Reusing these buildings for public use has produced a dual benefit—not only has it enriched the quality of life for local residents, but it has also played an essential role in elevating awareness regarding the critical importance of heritage conservation among local communities.
- Meeting the goals: This project shows uniqueness as buildings that enhance cultural sustainability by considering the community’s cultural and social needs, educating the local community’s children, and instilling positive values in them. The centre can create a positive effect that benefits the families and progressively influences the wider society. The al-Khader Library had a significant impact by directly and indirectly meeting the 11 goals of the SDGs.
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Research Methods | Field Research and Stages | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pre-Restoration | During Restoration | Post-Restoration | |
2016 | 2019 | ||
Field Observation | Survey site observation Damage evaluation | Field observation on treatments and supervision | Field observations and occupancy evaluation (4 h) visit after occupancy in February 2019 |
The second author’s supervision during the restoration work (From March to December 2016) | |||
Interviews Face-to-face semi-structured interviews | The second author was an active participant in the restoration process. 1 project supervisor (1 h) | With users in February 2019
| |
Photographic documentation (exterior, interior) | Field visit | Field visit | Field visit (4 h) visit after occupancy |
2D modelling plans | Existing plan—Architectural drawings |
|
Link to SDGs | SDG Number | SDG Target | Summary of the SDG Targets |
---|---|---|---|
Directly | 4 | 4.7 | By 2030, ensure all learners acquire skills to promote sustainable development through education on sustainability, human rights, and cultural diversity. |
7 | 7.b | By 2030, enhance infrastructure and technology to deliver sustainable energy services to all developing countries, especially the least developed, small island, and land-locked states. | |
8 | 8.9 | By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products | |
11 | 11.4 | Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage. | |
12 | 12.b | Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products | |
16 | 16.7 | Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory, and representative decision-making at all levels. | |
17 | 17.17 17.19 | Encourage and promote effective partnerships among the public, private, and civil society sectors by leveraging their experiences and resources. By 2030, develop sustainable development progress measures beyond GDP and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries. | |
Indirectly | 1 | 1.4 | By 2030, ensure equal access to economic resources, services, and property for all, especially the poor and vulnerable. |
5 | 5.5 | Ensure women’s full participation and equal leadership opportunities in all decision-making levels. | |
9 | 9.1 | Develop sustainable, resilient infrastructure to support economic growth and equitable access for all. | |
13 | 13.b | Enhance climate change planning and management in vulnerable countries, focusing on women, youth, and marginalised communities. |
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Share and Cite
Amro, D.K.; Ammar, S. Rehabilitation of Heritage Buildings in Conflict Zones: A Case Study of Al-Khader Library in Gaza Strip and Its Impact on Sustainable Development. Buildings 2024, 14, 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092759
Amro DK, Ammar S. Rehabilitation of Heritage Buildings in Conflict Zones: A Case Study of Al-Khader Library in Gaza Strip and Its Impact on Sustainable Development. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092759
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmro, Dana Khalid, and Suheir Ammar. 2024. "Rehabilitation of Heritage Buildings in Conflict Zones: A Case Study of Al-Khader Library in Gaza Strip and Its Impact on Sustainable Development" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2759. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092759