Spatio-Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in the Liaoning Region, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Overview of the Study Time Period
2.3. Data Sources
2.4. Research Methods
2.4.1. Geographic Concentration Index
2.4.2. Nearest Neighbor Index
2.4.3. Kernel Density Estimation
2.4.4. Standard Deviation Ellipse
3. Results
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in the Liaoning Region, China
3.1.1. Time Distribution Characteristics
3.1.2. Characteristics of Concentration Distribution of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in Liaoning, China
Concentration Distribution Degree
Nearest Neighbor Index
Overall Spatial Distribution
3.1.3. Directional Distribution Characteristics of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in Different Periods in Liaoning
3.1.4. Kernel Density Distribution Characteristics of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in Different Periods in Liaoning
3.2. Influencing Factors of Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in the Liaoning Region, China
3.2.1. The Influence of Deep-Seated Political Factors
Political Policies of the Ruling Class
The Personal Will of the Ruler
3.2.2. Rapid Economic Development and a Stable Social Environment
3.2.3. Socio-Cultural Factors
3.2.4. Natural Geographic Factors
Resource Endowment
Natural Environment
Geographic Location
3.2.5. Cultural Relics Protection Factors
Cultural Relics Protection Measures
Awareness of Cultural Relics Protection
3.2.6. The Artistic Value of Buddhist Architecture in Liaoning, China
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Point density for visual analysis shows that Buddhist temples and pagodas in Liaoning have a relatively concentrated state in terms of time, mainly concentrated in the Liao and Qing dynasties, with the highest number of buildings during these two periods.
- (2)
- The geographical concentration index shows that the spatial distribution of Buddhist temples and pagodas in Liaoning is highly concentrated. According to the nearest neighbor index, except for the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty, the distribution during the Tang Dynasty was disperse, while the Ming and Qing Dynasties had obvious clustering characteristics. The kernel density reveals the overall spatial distribution of Buddhist temples and pagodas in the Liaoning region, with “more in the west and less in the east” and “more in the north and less in the south”, resulting in a high-density star cluster in western Liaoning.
- (3)
- The standard deviation ellipse shows the distribution and shift of Buddhist temples and pagodas in different periods in Liaoning, and the overall direction is southwest–northeast, with the distribution center shifting toward the northwest. Finally, it was located in the western Liaoning region.
- (4)
- The kernel density analysis of different periods showed that the distribution was dotted in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang dynasties. During the Liao Dynasty, it was concentrated in the western Liaoning region; During the Jin Dynasty, the distribution was scattered; During the Ming Dynasty, the distribution was gradually concentrated; During the Qing Dynasty, the distribution was the largest and the most concentrated, mainly in western and northern Liaoning.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dynasty | Quantity/P | Average Observation Distance/m | Expected Average Distance/m | Nearest Neighbor Ratio/R | Type | Z Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southern and Northern Dynasties | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
Sui Dynasty | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | 0 |
Tang Dynasty | 2 | 123,850.2886 | 175.9634 | 703.841043 | Discrete | 1901.529185 |
Liao Dynasty | 39 | 25,293.0841 | 25,682.5107 | 0.984837 | Random | −0.178818 |
Jin Dynasty | 7 | 50,737.2953 | 40,067.9030 | 1.266283 | Random | 1.440851 |
Ming Dynasty | 22 | 15,310.5257 | 20,556.5228 | 0.744801 | Gather | −2.341387 |
Qing Dynasty | 108 | 14,559.3217 | 25,789.5354 | 0.564544 | Gather | −8.657396 |
Southern and Northern Dynasties (386–581 AD) | Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) | Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD) | Liao Dynasty (907–1125 AD) | Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 AD) | Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) | Qing Dynasty (1636–1912 AD) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chaoyang | 1 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 61 | 76 (2) |
Jinzhou | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 16 (12) |
Huludao | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 16 (2) |
Shenyang | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 16 |
Anshan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 16 (1) |
Fuxin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 |
Liaoyang | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 8 (1) |
Tieling | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 7 |
Benxi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 (1) |
Yingkou | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
Dalian | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Fushun | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
Dandong | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Panjin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Dynasty | Center of Gravity Coordinates | Semi-Long Axis /km | Short Half Shaft /km | Area /km2 | Azimuth /degrees | Flattening Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southern and Northern Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty | 121.87° E 40.57° N | 187.70 | 48.51 | 28,598.48 | 122.48 | 0.74 |
Liao Dynasty | 121.48° E 41.50° N | 180.47 | 68.92 | 39,066.75 | 59.78 | 0.62 |
Jin Dynasty | 122.53° E 40.77° N | 144.57 | 66.94 | 30,401.70 | 99.39 | 0.54 |
Ming Dynasty | 122.96° E 41.49° N | 125.56 | 58.93 | 23,243.89 | 57.40 | 0.53 |
Qing Dynasty | 121.10° E 41.34° N | 185.70 | 75.28 | 43,912.43 | 71.92 | 0.59 |
Chaoyang | Jinzhou | Huludao | Shenyang | Anshan | Fuxin | Liaoyang | Tieling | Benxi | Yingkou | Dalian | Fushun | Dandong | Panjin | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National key cultural relics protection units | 9 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Provincial cultural relics protection units | 10 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Municipal and county-level cultural relics protection units | 49 | 11 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Total | 68 | 21 | 20 | 17 | 16 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
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Gao, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, Q.; Cao, Y. Spatio-Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in the Liaoning Region, China. Buildings 2024, 14, 2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092765
Gao J, Wang J, Wang Q, Cao Y. Spatio-Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in the Liaoning Region, China. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092765
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Jiaji, Jingyi Wang, Qi Wang, and Yingdan Cao. 2024. "Spatio-Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Buddhist Temples and Pagodas in the Liaoning Region, China" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092765