Impact of Crushed Natural Aggregate on Environmental Footprint of the Construction Industry: Enhancing Sustainability in Aggregate Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with the Aggregate Quarries
1.2. Production Trends and Environmental Challenges in Sri Lankan Coarse Aggregate Sector
2. Method
2.1. LCA Methodology
2.1.1. Goal and Scope of the Research Study
2.1.2. Preparation of LCI
2.1.3. Environmental Impact Assessment
3. Results
3.1. LCI for the Natural Coarse Aggregate Production
3.2. Environmental Profile of the Aggregate Production Process
3.3. Normalisation Results of All Impacts
3.4. Characterisation Results of All Impacts
3.5. Interpretation of the Characterised Results of Key Mid-Point Impacts
4. Discussion
Impact Category | Unit | This Study | [27] | [49] | [3] | [52] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abiotic depletion | kg Sb eq | 1.85 × 10−10 | 1.09 × 10−9 | 3.82 × 10−4 | N/A | 1 |
GWP | kg CO2 eq | 2.93 × 10−3 | 2.44 × 10−2 | 1.43 × 10−2 | 3.20 × 10−2 | 2.11 |
ODP | kg CFC−11 eq | 6.39 × 10−10 | 2.43 × 10−10 | 3.06 × 10−10 | 9.88 × 10−10 | N/A |
Photochemical oxidation | kg C2H4 eq | 5.51 × 10−7 | 7.83 × 10−6 | 1.41 × 10−5 | N/A | 5.00 × 10−4 |
Acidification | kg SO2 eq | 1.45 × 10−5 | 1.44 × 10−4 | 1.98 × 10−5 | 1.90 × 10−4 | 2.10 × 10−2 |
Eutrophication | kg PO4 eq | 5.93 × 10−6 | 3.18 × 10−5 | 3.67 × 10−6 | 7.00 × 10−7 | 3.00 × 10−3 |
Enhancing Environmental Sustainability in Natural Rock Aggregate Production Process
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Process | Input | Unit | Amount/kg | Output | Unit | Amount/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Clearance of Land and Overburden Removal | Diesel for Loader | L | 4.39 × 10−4 | Removed Overburden | kg | 3.62 × 10−4 |
Diesel for Lorry/Truck | L | 4.39 × 10−5 | |||||
2 | Preparing boring holes with a drilling hammer | Diesel-Compress | L | 8.37 × 10−5 | |||
Gearbox oil–Hammer | L | 1.89 × 10−6 | |||||
3 | Blasting | Ammonium Nitrate | g | 2.26 × 10−5 | |||
Black/Gun Powder | g | 1.07 × 10−6 | |||||
Diesel | L | 2.26 × 10−6 | |||||
4 | Break with the breaker (Blasted area) | Diesel | L | 6.52 × 10−5 | |||
5 | Excavation and load into the lorry | Diesel | L | 1.44 × 10−4 | |||
6 | Transport into the Crusher and unload to the Hopper | Diesel | L | 5.51 × 10−5 | |||
7 | Crushing Plant–Crusher 1 | Electricity | Wh | 1.94 | |||
Crushing Plant–Conveyor Belt | |||||||
Crushing Plant–Crusher 2 | |||||||
Crushing Plant–Conveyor Belt | |||||||
Crushing Plant–Vibrating Screener | |||||||
8 | Dust Controlling with Water | Water | L | 1.68 × 10−1 | |||
9 | Handling and loading for the transportation with a loader | Diesel | L | 1.19 × 10−4 |
Type | Monthly Average Production in kg |
---|---|
3/4 inches Aggregates | 1350 |
1 1/2 inches Aggregates | 135 |
Chip Aggregates | 405 |
Quarry Dust | 810 |
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Vijerathne, D.; Wahala, S.; Illankoon, C. Impact of Crushed Natural Aggregate on Environmental Footprint of the Construction Industry: Enhancing Sustainability in Aggregate Production. Buildings 2024, 14, 2770. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092770
Vijerathne D, Wahala S, Illankoon C. Impact of Crushed Natural Aggregate on Environmental Footprint of the Construction Industry: Enhancing Sustainability in Aggregate Production. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2770. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092770
Chicago/Turabian StyleVijerathne, Dimuthu, Sampath Wahala, and Chethana Illankoon. 2024. "Impact of Crushed Natural Aggregate on Environmental Footprint of the Construction Industry: Enhancing Sustainability in Aggregate Production" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2770. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092770