Study on Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete under Multi-Axial Loads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments Program
2.1. Materials
2.2. Specimens
2.3. Experimental Setup
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Failure Modes
3.2. Stress–Strain Curves
3.3. Failure Criterion
4. Discussion
4.1. Failure Pattern
4.2. Peak Stress
4.3. Compression Toughness
5. Numerical Simulation
5.1. Modeling Method and Verification
5.2. Size Effect
5.2.1. Failure Patterns
5.2.2. Stress–Strain Curve
6. Conclusions
- 1.
- Under uniaxial compression, with the increase in steel fiber content, the failure mode of the SFRGPC specimens gradually developed into ductile failure.
- 2.
- Under multi-axial compression, with the confining pressure increased, a corresponding increase in the angle between the failure crack and the longitudinal axis of the specimens occurred. As the confining pressure and steel fiber content increased, the brittleness of the SFRGPC can be completely eliminated, and its resistance to breaking can be greatly improved.
- 3.
- The steel fiber content and ratio of length to diameter have obvious influence on the compressive strength of SFRGPC. As the steel fiber content increased, the compressive strength increased by 1.15–1.44 times; as the ratio of length to diameter increased, the compressive strength increased by 1.21–1.70 times. The increase in confining pressure can improve the compressive strength of concrete. With the increase in confining pressure, the increase trend of compressive strength becomes smooth. The relationship between the peak stress and the confining pressure is linear and proportional.
- 4.
- The confining pressure, steel fiber content, and steel fiber length have substantial influences on the compressive toughness index . Under increasing confining pressure, increases linearly; however, after confining pressure is higher than 5 MPa, tends toward a steady state when the confining pressure increases.
- 5.
- By modifying the parameters of the material model, a uniform numerical model was established, and the simulation results matched the experimental data.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steel Fiber | Elastic Modulus (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Diameter (mm) | Length (mm) | Aspect Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MF06 | 2.1 × 105 | 4295 | 0.12 | 6 | 50 |
MF10 | 2.1 × 105 | 4295 | 0.12 | 10 | 83 |
MF15 | 2.1 × 105 | 4295 | 0.12 | 15 | 125 |
Group | Steel Fiber | Steel Fiber Volume Fraction (%) | Cementitious | Basic Activator | Superplasticizer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | -- | 0 | 1292 | 950 | 699 | 9.8 |
S1 | MF06 | 2.5 | 1292 | 950 | 699 | 9.8 |
S2 | MF10 | 2.5 | 1292 | 950 | 699 | 9.8 |
S3 | MF15 | 1.0 | 1292 | 950 | 699 | 9.8 |
S4 | MF15 | 2.0 | 1292 | 950 | 699 | 9.8 |
Steel Fiber | (%) | Confining Pressure (MPa) | Strength (MPa) | Peak Strain | Steel Fiber | (%) | Confining Pressure (MPa) | Strength (MPa) | Peak Strain |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without steel fiber | 0 | 0 | 68.33 | 0.0025 | MF06 | 2.5 | 0 | 82.96 | 0.0040 |
5 | 125.0 | 0.0055 | 5 | 166.32 | 0.0085 | ||||
10 | 146.87 | 0.0081 | 10 | 226.17 | 0.0101 | ||||
15 | 184.77 | 0.0145 | 15 | 264.20 | 0.0116 | ||||
20 | 222.39 | --- | 20 | 293.28 | --- | ||||
30 | 271.46 | --- | 30 | 330.17 | --- | ||||
40 | 323.75 | --- | 40 | 390.33 | --- | ||||
MF15 | 1.0 | 0 | 78.63 | 0.0035 | MF10 | 2.5 | 0 | 87.32 | 0.0052 |
5 | 153.45 | 0.0058 | 5 | 197.72 | 0.0145 | ||||
10 | 192.11 | 0.0082 | 10 | 243.08 | 0.0147 | ||||
15 | 261.73 | --- | 15 | 312.96 | --- | ||||
20 | 320.46 | --- | 20 | 340.79 | --- | ||||
30 | 353.44 | --- | 30 | 423.97 | --- | ||||
40 | 398.99 | --- | 40 | 530.34 | --- | ||||
MF15 | 2.0 | 0 | 83.95 | 0.0039 | |||||
5 | 158.47 | 0.0063 | |||||||
10 | 207.63 | 0.0084 | |||||||
15 | 256.59 | 0.0100 | |||||||
20 | 301.03 | --- | |||||||
30 | 327.59 | --- | |||||||
40 | 403.34 | --- |
Vf (%) | Fiber Length (mm) | Confining Pressure (MPa) | σc (MPa) | Critical Stress (MPa) | Critical Strain | SOAB | ηc2 | ηc3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 68.47 | 58.20 | 0.0020 | 0.0539 | 2.56 | 2.78 |
5 | 117.10 | 99.45 | 0.0031 | 0.152 | 3.30 | 5.34 | ||
10 | 143.85 | 122.27 | 0.0036 | 0.249 | 2.96 | 4.98 | ||
1.0 | 15 | 0 | 83.31 | 70.81 | 0.00278 | 0.0904 | 2.52 | 3.35 |
5 | 149.94 | 127.45 | 0.00371 | 0.187 | 2.91 | 4.51 | ||
10 | 188.16 | 159.93 | 0.00372 | 0.339 | 2.95 | 5.22 | ||
2.0 | 15 | 0 | 81.57 | 69.33 | 0.00283 | 0.108 | 2.81 | 3.15 |
5 | 158.95 | 135.11 | 0.0035 | 0.257 | 3.63 | 6.04 | ||
10 | 202.95 | 172.50 | 0.0059 | 0.481 | 3.39 | 5.79 | ||
2.5 | 6 | 0 | 86.71 | 73.70 | 0.0026 | 0.084 | --- | --- |
5 | 164.69 | 139.98 | 0.0043 | 0.374 | 2.81 | 4.63 | ||
10 | 226.30 | 192.35 | 0.0054 | 0.597 | 2.96 | 4.99 | ||
2.5 | 10 | 0 | 83.86 | 71.28 | 0.0037 | 0.157 | 2.51 | 3.36 |
5 | 202.58 | 172.19 | 0.0060 | 0.689 | 2.712 | 4.43 | ||
10 | 255.20 | 216.92 | 0.0086 | 1.117 | 2.88 | 4.84 |
Density (kg/m3) | Poisson’s Ratio | (MPa) | (MPa) | Omega | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2400 | 0.19 | 87 | 5.45 | 0.85 | 2.89 | 1.88 | 0.75 |
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Wu, P.; Wan, X.; Lu, Q.; Zhang, Y. Study on Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete under Multi-Axial Loads. Buildings 2024, 14, 2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092780
Wu P, Wan X, Lu Q, Zhang Y. Study on Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete under Multi-Axial Loads. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092780
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Pengtao, Xuan Wan, Qun Lu, and Yan Zhang. 2024. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete under Multi-Axial Loads" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2780. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092780