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Review

Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic

by
Sabahat Gazal
1,
Neelesh Sharma
2,*,
Sundus Gazal
3,
Mehak Tikoo
1,
Deep Shikha
1,
Gulzar Ahmed Badroo
1,
Mohd Rashid
1 and
Sung-Jin Lee
4,*
1
Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
2
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
3
Division of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
4
Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121419
Submission received: 30 October 2022 / Revised: 18 November 2022 / Accepted: 22 November 2022 / Published: 25 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Viral Pathogens)
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Abstract

Nipah and Hendra viruses are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of upto 75%. The viruses belong to the genus henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, a family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The natural reservoirs of NiV and HeV are bats (flying foxes) in which the virus infection is asymptomatic. The intermediate hosts for NiV and HeV are swine and equine, respectively. In humans, NiV infections result in severe and often fatal respiratory and neurological manifestations. The Nipah virus was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of encephalitis in pig farmers and subsequent outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh and India almost every year. Due to its extreme pathogenicity, pandemic potential, and lack of established antiviral therapeutics and vaccines, research on henipaviruses is highly warranted so as to develop antivirals or vaccines that could aid in the prevention and control of future outbreaks.
Keywords: Nipah virus; Hendra virus; BSL-4; vaccines; Cedar virus Nipah virus; Hendra virus; BSL-4; vaccines; Cedar virus

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gazal, S.; Sharma, N.; Gazal, S.; Tikoo, M.; Shikha, D.; Badroo, G.A.; Rashid, M.; Lee, S.-J. Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121419

AMA Style

Gazal S, Sharma N, Gazal S, Tikoo M, Shikha D, Badroo GA, Rashid M, Lee S-J. Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic. Pathogens. 2022; 11(12):1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121419

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gazal, Sabahat, Neelesh Sharma, Sundus Gazal, Mehak Tikoo, Deep Shikha, Gulzar Ahmed Badroo, Mohd Rashid, and Sung-Jin Lee. 2022. "Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic" Pathogens 11, no. 12: 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121419

APA Style

Gazal, S., Sharma, N., Gazal, S., Tikoo, M., Shikha, D., Badroo, G. A., Rashid, M., & Lee, S.-J. (2022). Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic. Pathogens, 11(12), 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121419

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