Resurgence of Clinical Malaria in Ethiopia and Its Link to Anopheles stephensi Invasion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Malaria Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention in Ethiopia
3.2. Changes in Clinical Malaria Incidence from 2017 to 2022
3.3. Malaria Outbreaks and the Role of An. stephensi
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Risk Level ‡ | At Risk Woredas and Population † | Risk Changes from 2017–2022 # | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2022 | No Change | Reduced | Increased | |||||||
N Woreda | Population | N Woreda | Population | N Woreda | Population | N Woreda | Population | N Woreda | Population | ||
API = 0 | 47 | 7,189,225 | 19 | 2,422,574 | 16 | 2,056,271 | NA | 31 | 5,132,954 | ||
API ≤ 5 | 478 | 58,200,085 | 339 | 43,763,043 | 270 | 36,176,014 | 3 | 366,303 | 205 | 21,657,768 | |
5 < API < 10 | 148 | 13,092,751 | 129 | 13,451,299 | 30 | 2,884,527 | 25 | 2,028,818 | 93 | 8,179,406 | |
10 ≤ API < 50 | 250 | 18,536,821 | 331 | 29,899,828 | 135 | 10,343,174 | 35 | 2,959,958 | 80 | 5,233,689 | |
API ≥ 50 | 161 | 8,330,825 | 266 | 15,812,963 | 129 | 6,636,411 | 32 | 1,694,414 | NA | ||
Total | 1,084 | 105,349,707 | 1084 | 105,349,707 | 580 | 58,096,397 | 95 | 7,049,493 | 409 | 40,203,817 |
Region | Woreada/City | Outbreak Detection | Anopheles Stephensi # | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Status † | Rate Ratio ‡ | p-Value § | Status | Proportion | ||
Afar | Awash Fentale | No | 0.87 | 0.0573 | Yes | 92% |
Semera | Yes | 1.83 | 0.0334 | Yes | 100% | |
Amhara | Bahir Dar Town | Yes | 2.69 | 0.0088 | No | 0% |
Debre Markos Town | Yes | 2.46 | 0.0069 | No | 0% | |
Gondar Zuriya | Yes | 3.41 | 0.0007 | No | 0% | |
Kemise Town | No | 0.60 | 0.0036 | No | 0% | |
Woreta | Yes | 2.12 | 0.0297 | No | 0% | |
Benishangul-Gumuz | Assosa | Yes | 1.47 | 0.0116 | No | 0% |
Bambasi | Yes | 1.66 | 0.0013 | No | 0% | |
Dire Dawa | Dire Dawa | Yes | 9.04 | 0.0093 | Yes | 96% |
Gambella | Abobo | Yes | 4.02 | 0.0020 | No | 0% |
Gambella | Yes | 1.60 | 0.0112 | No | 0% | |
Oromia | Adama | Yes | 1.64 | 0.1161 | Yes | 50% |
Batu | Yes | 2.21 | 0.0328 | Yes | 77% | |
Jimma Town | Yes | 3.82 | 0.0030 | No | 0% | |
SNNP * | Arba Minch | Yes | 1.18 | 0.1050 | Yes | 48.% |
Hawassa Town | Yes | 3.01 | 0.0303 | Yes | 62% | |
Somali | Fik | No | 0.69 | 0.0054 | Yes | 100% |
Godey | No | 0.88 | 0.1020 | Yes | 64% | |
Degehabur | Yes | 1.01 | 0.4818 | Yes | 58% | |
Kebri Dehar | Yes | 1.52 | 0.0063 | Yes | 75% |
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Zhou, G.; Taffese, H.S.; Zhong, D.; Wang, X.; Lee, M.-C.; Degefa, T.; Getachew, D.; Haileselassie, W.; Hawaria, D.; Yewhalaw, D.; et al. Resurgence of Clinical Malaria in Ethiopia and Its Link to Anopheles stephensi Invasion. Pathogens 2024, 13, 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090748
Zhou G, Taffese HS, Zhong D, Wang X, Lee M-C, Degefa T, Getachew D, Haileselassie W, Hawaria D, Yewhalaw D, et al. Resurgence of Clinical Malaria in Ethiopia and Its Link to Anopheles stephensi Invasion. Pathogens. 2024; 13(9):748. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090748
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Guofa, Hiwot S. Taffese, Daibin Zhong, Xiaoming Wang, Ming-Chieh Lee, Teshome Degefa, Dejene Getachew, Werissaw Haileselassie, Dawit Hawaria, Delenasaw Yewhalaw, and et al. 2024. "Resurgence of Clinical Malaria in Ethiopia and Its Link to Anopheles stephensi Invasion" Pathogens 13, no. 9: 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090748