Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans: Clinical Significance of a Pathobiont Subjected to Ample Changes in Classification and Nomenclature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Taxonomy, Classification, Serotype (St) and Population Structure
3. General Characteristics
3.1. Recovery, Phenotype, and Molecular Detection
3.2. Aggregative Properties and the Leukotoxin Gene Operon
3.3. Geographic Dissemination of Specific Genotypes
4. Prevalence and Clinical Significance
4.1. Infective Endocarditis
4.2. The Complex Interplay with Periodontitis
5. Therapy
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Year | Event | Reference |
---|---|---|
1912 | Klinger describes [Bacterium actinomycetem comitans] | [1] |
1929 | Topley and Wilson relocate the species to genus Actinobacillus | [2] |
1962 | King and Tatum describe the close phenotypic similarity of [Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans] with [Haemophilus aphrophilus] | [3] |
1976 | [Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans] is associated with periodontitis in adolescents | [4,5] |
1979 | Extraction and partial characterisation of Ltx, a leukotoxin capable of specific lyse of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes | [6] |
1982 | The Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella (HACEK) group of fastidious, Gram-negative bacteria causing infective endocarditis, is conceived | [7] |
1982 | Serum antibody levels link [Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans] with localized juvenile periodontitis | [8] |
1983 | Three distinct surface antigens are identified and a particularly high periodontopathogenic potential of serotype b is indicated | [9] |
1994 | The 530-bp deletion in the ltx promoter region is associated with enhanced expression of Ltx and becomes a marker for the so-called JP2 genotype of [Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans] | [10] |
2006 | A new bacterial genus, Aggregatibacter is created with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans being the type species | [11] |
2008 | Clinical follow-up studies unequivocally demonstrate that carriage of the JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is linked with aggressive periodontitis | [12] |
Genomic Characteristics and Putative Virulence Determinants of A. actinomycetemcomitans | References |
---|---|
Widespread colonization island or the tad locus | [67] |
Autotransporter adhesins Aae, EmaA and Omp100/ApiA | [68,69,70] |
A leukotoxin of the repeats in toxin (RTX) family with specificity for leukocytes | [71] |
Growth-inhibitory factor cytolethal distending toxin | [72,73] |
CagE, capable of inducing apoptosis | [74] |
Dispersin B, a biofilm-releasing beta-hexosaminidase | [75] |
Vesicle-independent extracellular release of proinflammatory lipoprotein | [76] |
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Nørskov-Lauritsen, N.; Claesson, R.; Jensen, A.B.; Åberg, C.H.; Haubek, D. Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans: Clinical Significance of a Pathobiont Subjected to Ample Changes in Classification and Nomenclature. Pathogens 2019, 8, 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040243
Nørskov-Lauritsen N, Claesson R, Jensen AB, Åberg CH, Haubek D. Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans: Clinical Significance of a Pathobiont Subjected to Ample Changes in Classification and Nomenclature. Pathogens. 2019; 8(4):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040243
Chicago/Turabian StyleNørskov-Lauritsen, Niels, Rolf Claesson, Anne Birkeholm Jensen, Carola Höglund Åberg, and Dorte Haubek. 2019. "Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans: Clinical Significance of a Pathobiont Subjected to Ample Changes in Classification and Nomenclature" Pathogens 8, no. 4: 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040243
APA StyleNørskov-Lauritsen, N., Claesson, R., Jensen, A. B., Åberg, C. H., & Haubek, D. (2019). Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans: Clinical Significance of a Pathobiont Subjected to Ample Changes in Classification and Nomenclature. Pathogens, 8(4), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040243