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Microorganisms
Volume 11
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10.3390/microorganisms11102601
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Article

Study of the Interface between Wild Bird Populations and Poultry and Their Potential Role in the Spread of Avian Influenza

by
Luca Martelli
1,
Diletta Fornasiero
1,*,
Francesco Scarton
2,
Arianna Spada
2,
Francesca Scolamacchia
1,
Grazia Manca
1 and
Paolo Mulatti
1,*
1
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
2
SELC Soc. Coop., 30175 Venice, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2023, 11(10), 2601; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102601
Submission received: 29 September 2023 / Revised: 17 October 2023 / Accepted: 19 October 2023 / Published: 21 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Influenza A Viruses: 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Water birds play a crucial role in disseminating and amplifying avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environment. However, they may have limited interactions with domestic facilities, raising the hypothesis that other wild birds may play the bridging role in introducing AIVs into poultry. An ornithocoenosis study, based on census-transect and camera-trapping methods, was conducted in 2019 in ten poultry premises in northeast Italy to characterize the bird communities and envisage the species that might act as bridge hosts for AIVs. The data collected were explored through a series of multivariate analyses (correspondence analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling), and biodiversity indices (observed and estimated richness, Shannon entropy and Pielou’s evenness). The analyses revealed a high level of complexity in the ornithic population, with 147 censused species, and significant qualitative and quantitative differences in wild bird species composition, both in space and in time. Among these, only a few were observed in close proximity to the farm premises (i.e., Magpies, Blackbirds, Cattle Egrets, Pheasants, Eurasian Collared Doves, and Wood Pigeons), thus suggesting their potential role in spilling over AIVs to poultry; contrarily, waterfowls appeared to be scarcely inclined to close visits, especially during autumn and winter seasons. These findings stress the importance of ongoing research on the wild–domestic bird interface, advocating for a wider range of species to be considered in AIVs surveillance and prevention programs.
Keywords: HPAI; wild birds; ornithocenosis; bridge hosts; spillover; wild–domestic interface; camera trap; ornithological transects HPAI; wild birds; ornithocenosis; bridge hosts; spillover; wild–domestic interface; camera trap; ornithological transects
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MDPI and ACS Style

Martelli, L.; Fornasiero, D.; Scarton, F.; Spada, A.; Scolamacchia, F.; Manca, G.; Mulatti, P. Study of the Interface between Wild Bird Populations and Poultry and Their Potential Role in the Spread of Avian Influenza. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2601. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102601

AMA Style

Martelli L, Fornasiero D, Scarton F, Spada A, Scolamacchia F, Manca G, Mulatti P. Study of the Interface between Wild Bird Populations and Poultry and Their Potential Role in the Spread of Avian Influenza. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(10):2601. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102601

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martelli, Luca, Diletta Fornasiero, Francesco Scarton, Arianna Spada, Francesca Scolamacchia, Grazia Manca, and Paolo Mulatti. 2023. "Study of the Interface between Wild Bird Populations and Poultry and Their Potential Role in the Spread of Avian Influenza" Microorganisms 11, no. 10: 2601. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102601

APA Style

Martelli, L., Fornasiero, D., Scarton, F., Spada, A., Scolamacchia, F., Manca, G., & Mulatti, P. (2023). Study of the Interface between Wild Bird Populations and Poultry and Their Potential Role in the Spread of Avian Influenza. Microorganisms, 11(10), 2601. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102601

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