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Microorganisms
Volume 11
Issue 7
10.3390/microorganisms11071849
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Review

The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis

by
Farzaneh Fakharian
1,
Siva Thirugnanam
2,3,
David A. Welsh
4,
Woong-Ki Kim
2,3,
Jay Rappaport
2,
Kyle Bittinger
5 and
Namita Rout
2,3,6,*
1
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
2
Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
3
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
4
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70806, USA
5
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
6
Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2023, 11(7), 1849; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071849
Submission received: 8 June 2023 / Revised: 15 July 2023 / Accepted: 20 July 2023 / Published: 21 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome in Infectious Diseases)
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Abstract

The gut microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and immune function. However, dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbiome composition, can have profound effects on various aspects of human health, including susceptibility to viral infections. Despite numerous studies investigating the influence of viral infections on gut microbiome, the impact of gut dysbiosis on viral infection and pathogenesis remains relatively understudied. The clinical variability observed in SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza infections, and the presence of natural HIV suppressors, suggests that host-intrinsic factors, including the gut microbiome, may contribute to viral pathogenesis. The gut microbiome has been shown to influence the host immune system by regulating intestinal homeostasis through interactions with immune cells. This review aims to enhance our understanding of how viral infections perturb the gut microbiome and mucosal immune cells, affecting host susceptibility and response to viral infections. Specifically, we focus on exploring the interactions between gamma delta (γδ) T cells and gut microbes in the context of inflammatory viral pathogenesis and examine studies highlighting the role of the gut microbiome in viral disease outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss emerging evidence and potential future directions for microbiome modulation therapy in the context of viral pathogenesis.
Keywords: gut dysbiosis; viral pathogenesis; γδ T cell; probiotics; FMT gut dysbiosis; viral pathogenesis; γδ T cell; probiotics; FMT

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fakharian, F.; Thirugnanam, S.; Welsh, D.A.; Kim, W.-K.; Rappaport, J.; Bittinger, K.; Rout, N. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071849

AMA Style

Fakharian F, Thirugnanam S, Welsh DA, Kim W-K, Rappaport J, Bittinger K, Rout N. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(7):1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071849

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fakharian, Farzaneh, Siva Thirugnanam, David A. Welsh, Woong-Ki Kim, Jay Rappaport, Kyle Bittinger, and Namita Rout. 2023. "The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis" Microorganisms 11, no. 7: 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071849

APA Style

Fakharian, F., Thirugnanam, S., Welsh, D. A., Kim, W.-K., Rappaport, J., Bittinger, K., & Rout, N. (2023). The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis. Microorganisms, 11(7), 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071849

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