Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections

Azam, Mohd W.; Zarrilli, Raffaele; Khan, Asad U.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms11081901

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Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections

by

Mohd W. Azam

¹,

Raffaele Zarrilli

^2,*

and

Asad U. Khan

^1,*

¹

Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

²

Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Microorganisms 2023, 11(8), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081901

Submission received: 15 March 2023 / Revised: 6 July 2023 / Accepted: 25 July 2023 / Published: 27 July 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Epidemiology of Antimicrobial Resistance, 2nd Edition)

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Abstract

The Enterobacterales order is a massive group of Gram-negative bacteria comprised of pathogenic and nonpathogenic members, including beneficial commensal gut microbiota. The pathogenic members produce several pathogenic or virulence factors that enhance their pathogenic properties and increase the severity of the infection. The members of Enterobacterales can also develop resistance against the common antimicrobial agents, a phenomenon called antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Many pathogenic Enterobacterales members are known to possess antimicrobial resistance. This review discusses the virulence factors, pathogenicity, and infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, especially E. coli and some other bacterial species sharing similarities with the Enterobacterales members. We also discuss both conventional and modern approaches used to combat the infections caused by them. Understanding the virulence factors produced by the pathogenic bacteria will help develop novel strategies and methods to treat infections caused by them.

Keywords: virulence; multidrug-resistance; Enterobacterales

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MDPI and ACS Style

Azam, M.W.; Zarrilli, R.; Khan, A.U. Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081901

AMA Style

Azam MW, Zarrilli R, Khan AU. Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(8):1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081901

Chicago/Turabian Style

Azam, Mohd W., Raffaele Zarrilli, and Asad U. Khan. 2023. "Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections" Microorganisms 11, no. 8: 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081901

APA Style

Azam, M. W., Zarrilli, R., & Khan, A. U. (2023). Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections. Microorganisms, 11(8), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081901

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections

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