Challenges in the Detection of Polymyxin Resistance: From Today to the Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phenotypic Methods
2.1. Broth Microdilution Method and Commercial Tests
2.2. Rapid Polymyxin NP Test
2.3. Polymyxin Broth Disk Elution Test
2.4. Medium Culture with Polymyxin
2.5. Polymyxin Drop Test
3. Molecular Methods
4. Modern Systems: MALDI-TOF MS and Raman Spectroscopy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Advantages | Disadvantages | Equipment Needed | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Phenotypic Method Broth microdilution method | Conventional BMD |
|
| No |
Policimbac® (Probac do Brasil) | Plate containing lyophilized polymyxin B (it is not necessary to use antibiotic powder). |
| No | |
ComASP® (Liofilchem) |
|
| No | |
UMIC® (Biocentric) |
|
| No | |
MICRONAUT MIC-Strip Colistin (Merlin) |
|
| No | |
Automated systems—VITEK® COMPACT (BioMérieux) and Phoenix™ (Becton) |
|
| Yes | |
Sensititre® (ThermoFisher Diagnostics) |
|
| Yes | |
Phenotypic Method Rapid Polymyxin NP Test |
|
| No. Can be optimized using Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay | |
Phenotypic Method Polymyxin Broth Disk Elution Test |
|
| No. | |
Phenotypic Method Medium Culture with Polymyxin (SuperPolymyxin medium, Agar Spot, CHROMagar™ COL-APSE, CHROMID® Colistin R Agar) |
|
| No | |
Phenotypic Method Polymyxin Drop Test |
|
| No | |
Molecular Method (PCR, qRT-PCR, Multiplex PCR, Sanger Sequencing, Next-Generation Sequencing, Microarray) |
|
| Yes | |
Molecular Method (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification of DNA) |
|
| Yes | |
Modern Systems (MALDI-TOF MS) |
|
| Yes | |
Modern Systems (Raman spectrometry) |
|
| Yes |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rubens, R.S.; Arruda, I.d.S.A.; Almeida, R.M.; Nóbrega, Y.K.d.M.; Carneiro, M.d.S.; Dalmolin, T.V. Challenges in the Detection of Polymyxin Resistance: From Today to the Future. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010101
Rubens RS, Arruda IdSA, Almeida RM, Nóbrega YKdM, Carneiro MdS, Dalmolin TV. Challenges in the Detection of Polymyxin Resistance: From Today to the Future. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(1):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010101
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubens, Rebeca Siqueira, Isabel de Souza Andrade Arruda, Rosane Mansan Almeida, Yanna Karla de Medeiros Nóbrega, Maiara dos Santos Carneiro, and Tanise Vendruscolo Dalmolin. 2024. "Challenges in the Detection of Polymyxin Resistance: From Today to the Future" Microorganisms 12, no. 1: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010101