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Microorganisms
Volume 12
Issue 7
10.3390/microorganisms12071422
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Risk Factors, Pathogens, and Outcomes of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Non-Cardiac Surgical Patients: A Retrospective Analysis

by
Po-Hsun Chang
1,2,†,
Ting-Lung Lin
2,3,†,
Ying-Ju Chen
2,3,
Wei-Hung Lai
2,3,
I-Ling Chen
1,2,4,
Hui-Chuan Chang
2,5,
Yu-Cheng Lin
2,3,
Yu-Hung Lin
2,3,
Wei-Feng Li
2,3,
Yueh-Wei Liu
2,3,
Chih-Chi Wang
2,3 and
Shih-Feng Liu
2,5,6,*
1
Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
2
Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
3
Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
4
School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
5
Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
6
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071422 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 June 2024 / Revised: 8 July 2024 / Accepted: 11 July 2024 / Published: 13 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a critical hospital-acquired infection following non-cardiac surgeries, leading to poor outcomes. This study identifies VAP risk factors in non-cardiac surgical patients and determines the causative pathogens. A retrospective analysis with 1:4 propensity-score matching was conducted on patients in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU) from 2010 to 2020 at a private tertiary medical center. Among 99 VAP patients, the mortality rate was 64.7%. VAP risk factors included prolonged mechanical ventilation (odds ratio [OR] 6.435; p < 0.001), repeat intubation (OR 6.438; p < 0.001), lower oxygenation levels upon ICU admission (OR 0.950; p < 0.001), and undergoing gastrointestinal surgery (OR 2.257; p = 0.021). The 30-day mortality risk factors in the VAP group were late-onset VAP (OR 3.450; p = 0.022), inappropriate antibiotic treatment (OR 4.083; p = 0.041), and undergoing gastrointestinal surgeries (OR 4.776; p = 0.019). Nearly half of the Gram-negative infections were resistant strains, and a third were polymicrobial infections. Non-cardiac surgical patients with VAP face adverse hospital outcomes. Identifying high-risk patients and understanding VAP’s resistant and microbial nature are crucial for appropriate treatment and improved health outcomes.
Keywords: ventilator-associated pneumonia; healthcare-associated pneumonia; non-cardiac surgery; surgical critical illness; surgical intensive care unit ventilator-associated pneumonia; healthcare-associated pneumonia; non-cardiac surgery; surgical critical illness; surgical intensive care unit

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chang, P.-H.; Lin, T.-L.; Chen, Y.-J.; Lai, W.-H.; Chen, I.-L.; Chang, H.-C.; Lin, Y.-C.; Lin, Y.-H.; Li, W.-F.; Liu, Y.-W.; et al. Risk Factors, Pathogens, and Outcomes of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Non-Cardiac Surgical Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071422

AMA Style

Chang P-H, Lin T-L, Chen Y-J, Lai W-H, Chen I-L, Chang H-C, Lin Y-C, Lin Y-H, Li W-F, Liu Y-W, et al. Risk Factors, Pathogens, and Outcomes of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Non-Cardiac Surgical Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(7):1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071422

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang, Po-Hsun, Ting-Lung Lin, Ying-Ju Chen, Wei-Hung Lai, I-Ling Chen, Hui-Chuan Chang, Yu-Cheng Lin, Yu-Hung Lin, Wei-Feng Li, Yueh-Wei Liu, and et al. 2024. "Risk Factors, Pathogens, and Outcomes of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Non-Cardiac Surgical Patients: A Retrospective Analysis" Microorganisms 12, no. 7: 1422. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071422

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