Dose Effect of Polyethylene Microplastics Derived from Commercial Resins on Soil Properties, Bacterial Communities, and Enzymatic Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Collection and Preparation
2.2. Soil Incubation and PE MP Treatments
2.3. Analysis of Chemical Properties of Soil
2.4. Enzyme Activities and Community-Level Physiological Profiling (CLPP) Analysis
2.5. Colony-Forming Units (CFUs)
2.6. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Metagenomics
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Influence of PE MPs on Chemical Properties of Soil
3.2. Influence of PE MPs on Enzyme Activities
3.3. Influence of PE MPs on Microbial Community Physiological Profiles
3.4. Influence of PE MPs on Culturable Bacteria
3.5. Influence of PE MPs on Culture-Independent Bacteria
4. Discussion
4.1. Dose-Related Effect of PE MPs on Chemical Properties of Soil
4.2. Dose-Related Effect of PE MPs on Extracellular Enzymatic Activity in Soil
4.3. Culturable Bacteria Can Be Augmented by MP Treatments
4.4. Influence of PE MPs on Culture-Independent Bacteria Phyla
4.5. Influence of PE MPs on Culture-Independent Bacteria Family
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Properties † | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Na | Mg | Ca | Total N | C/N | N | P | CEC | pH | EC | |
mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | % | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | cmol (+) kg−1 | µS cm−1 | |||
Initial Value | 12.0 ± 0.7 a ‡ | 649.3 ± 16.6 a | 17.1 ± 1.4 a | 114.0 ± 25.4 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 24.7 ± 2.7 cd | 1.9 ± 0.2 d | 1.73 ± 0.15 a | 285.1 ± 15.8 a | 6.73 ± 0.02 d | 156.2 ± 3.4 b |
MP_0 | 11.6 ± 1.7 ab | 609.2 ± 61.9 ab | 15.7 ± 1.7 a | 80.1 ± 6.4 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 ab | 19.9 ± 3.5 d | 4.0 ± 0.7 b | 0.96 ± 0.05 c | 206.5 ± 20.5 bc | 6.84 ± 0.06 d | 235.3 ± 16.3 a |
MP_1 | 11.2 ± 1.6 ab | 594.0 ± 15.8 ab | 16.9 ± 0.6 a | 78.9 ± 3.2 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 31.8 ± 6.1 c | 3.1 ± 0.4 c | 1.09 ± 0.02 c | 214.5 ± 3.0 c | 6.92 ± 0.02 c | 236.3 ± 13.7 a |
MP_7 | 9.9 ± 1.0 ab | 590.0 ± 27.8 ab | 15.3 ± 0.5 ab | 74.0 ± 2.8 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 ab | 127.7 ± 43.0 b | 4.5 ± 0.4 a | 1.16 ± 0.09 b | 200.3 ± 3.8 bc | 7.01 ± 0.07 b | 214.7 ± 16.5 a |
MP_14 | 9.7 ± 0.6 b | 588.8 ± 11.8 b | 12.9 ± 2.5 b | 66.9 ± 11.7 b | 0.05 ± 0.00 ab | 208.8 ± 6.2 a | 5.2 ± 0.4 a | 1.31 ± 0.05 b | 179.5 ± 23.6 b | 7.19 ± 0.04 a | 156.1 ± 17.0 b |
Soil Properties † | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | Na | Mg | Ca | Total N | C/N | N | P | CEC | pH | EC | |
mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | % | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | cmol (+) kg−1 | µS cm−1 | |||
Initial Value | 12.0 ± 0.7 a ‡ | 649.3 ± 16.6 a | 17.1 ± 1.4 a | 114.0 ± 25.4 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 24.7 ± 2.7 c | 1.9 ± 0.2 a | 1.73 ± 0.15 a | 285.1 ± 15.8 a | 6.73 ± 0.02 c | 156.2 ± 3.4 d |
MP_0 | 10.0 ± 3.2 a | 104.7 ± 13.4 b | 15.3 ± 0.5 a | 78.8 ± 15.9 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 14.8 ± 0.8 c | 1.8 ± 0.4 a | 1.05 ± 0.07 c | 148.1 ± 3.4 b | 6.73 ± 0.06 c | 288.7 ± 32.0 a |
MP_1 | 8.3 ± 1.0 ab | 89.9 ± 13.7 b | 14.1 ± 0.5 b | 68.3 ± 3.9 b | 0.06 ± 0.02 a | 30.7 ± 7.7 c | 2.3 ± 0.4 a | 1.12 ± 0.08 c | 135.2 ± 5.0 b | 6.71 ± 0.02 c | 299.3 ± 6.7 a |
MP_7 | 7.2 ± 0.7 ab | 84.7 ± 5.8 bc | 12.8 ± 0.4 bc | 71.1 ± 8.1 b | 0.06 ± 0.02 ab | 114.2 ± 25.6 b | 2.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.18 ± 0.13 c | 123.9 ± 3.8 bc | 6.83 ± 0.04 b | 239.0 ± 14.1 b |
MP_14 | 6.3 ± 0.2 b | 82.1 ± 2.3 c | 12.0 ± 0.4 c | 67.7 ± 6.5 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 285.2 ± 45.7 a | 2.3 ± 0.4 a | 1.31 ± 0.05 b | 116.6 ± 3.0 c | 6.98 ± 0.03 a | 205.6 ± 13.3 c |
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Cruz, L.G.; Shen, F.-T.; Chen, C.-P.; Chen, W.-C. Dose Effect of Polyethylene Microplastics Derived from Commercial Resins on Soil Properties, Bacterial Communities, and Enzymatic Activity. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091790
Cruz LG, Shen F-T, Chen C-P, Chen W-C. Dose Effect of Polyethylene Microplastics Derived from Commercial Resins on Soil Properties, Bacterial Communities, and Enzymatic Activity. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(9):1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091790
Chicago/Turabian StyleCruz, Lesbia Gicel, Fo-Ting Shen, Chiou-Pin Chen, and Wen-Ching Chen. 2024. "Dose Effect of Polyethylene Microplastics Derived from Commercial Resins on Soil Properties, Bacterial Communities, and Enzymatic Activity" Microorganisms 12, no. 9: 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091790