Effects of Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactococcus lactis on Growth, Immune Responses, Histology and Gene Expression in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Probiotic Conditions
2.2. Experimental Diets
2.3. Experimental Fish and Feeding Trial
2.4. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.5. Non-Specific Immune Responses Analysis
2.6. Real-Time PCR
2.7. Histomorphology of the Intestine
2.8. Challenge Test
2.9. Enzyme Activities
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance and Whole Body Proximate Composition
3.2. Non-Specific Immune Responses
3.3. Haematological Analysis
3.4. Intestinal Histology
3.5. Immune-Related Gene Expressions
3.6. Challenge Test
3.7. Enzyme Activities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | % |
---|---|
Tuna by-product 1 | 17.0 |
Squid liver powder 2 | 3.0 |
Blood meal 2 | 5.0 |
Soybean meal 2 | 31.5 |
Wheat gluten meal 2 | 6.1 |
Wheat flour 2 | 19.5 |
Corn starch 2 | 10.5 |
Soybean oil 3 | 2.4 |
Vitamin premix 4 | 1.0 |
Mineral premix 5 | 1.0 |
Calcium phosphate 6 | 2.0 |
Cellulose 7 | 1.0 |
Proximate composition | |
Moisture | 9.89 |
Crude protein | 36.5 |
Crude lipid | 6.19 |
Crude ash | 6.24 |
Primers | Sense | Sequences |
---|---|---|
HSP90 1 | F | 5′-CATCGCCTACGGTCTGGACAA-3′ |
R | 5′-TGCCGTCTTCAATGGTCAGGAT-3′ | |
IL-1β 2 | F | 5′-CAAGGATGACGACAAGCCAACC-3′ |
R | 5′-AGCGGACAGACATGAGAGTGC-3′ | |
IFN-γ 3 | F | 5′-AAGAATCGCAGCTCTGCACCAT-3′ |
R | 5′-GTGTCGTATTGCTGTGGCTTCC-3′ | |
TNF-α 4 | F | 5′-GGAAGCAGCTCCACTCTGATGA-3′ |
R | 5′-CACAGCGTGTCTCCTTCGTTCA-3′ | |
β-actin 5 | F | 5′-CCACACAGTGCCCATCTACGA-3′ |
R | 5′-CCACGCTCTGTCAGGATCTTCA-3′ |
Diets 1 | Pooled SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | OTC | BS7 | BS8 | LL7 | LL8 | ||
IBW (g) 2 | 2.85 | 2.83 | 2.83 | 2.80 | 2.82 | 2.85 | 0.01 |
FBW (g) 3 | 9.77 b | 10.6 a | 10.3 ab | 10.6 a | 10.6 a | 10.8 a | 0.15 |
WG (%) 4 | 242 b | 276 a | 264 ab | 277 a | 278 a | 279 a | 5.78 |
FE (%) 5 | 81.9 b | 93.5 a | 90.4 ab | 93.3 a | 92.7 a | 94.3 a | 1.90 |
SGR(%/day) 6 | 2.37 b | 2.54 a | 2.48 ab | 2.55 a | 2.56 a | 2.56 a | 0.03 |
PER 7 | 2.31 b | 2.58 a | 2.51 ab | 2.57 a | 2.53 a | 2.59 a | 0.04 |
HSI (%) 8 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 0.02 |
VSI (%) 9 | 7.39 | 7.70 | 7.75 | 7.43 | 7.12 | 7.84 | 0.11 |
CF 10 | 1.70 | 1.64 | 1.71 | 1.69 | 1.74 | 1.70 | 0.01 |
Survival (%) 11 | 90.0 | 96.7 | 96.7 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 1.00 |
Diets 1 | Pooled SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | OTC | BS7 | BS8 | LL7 | LL8 | ||
Moisture (%) | 73.1 | 72.8 | 73.4 | 72.9 | 73.0 | 73.5 | 0.11 |
Protein (%) | 17.0 | 17.1 | 17.6 | 16.9 | 17.0 | 17.4 | 0.15 |
Lipid (%) | 5.44 | 5.59 | 5.78 | 5.69 | 5.79 | 5.95 | 0.07 |
Ash (%) | 4.93 | 4.80 | 5.05 | 5.34 | 5.13 | 5.25 | 0.08 |
Diets 1 | Pooled SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | OTC | BS7 | BS8 | LL7 | LL8 | ||
Lysozyme (U/mL) | 1.23 b | 1.47 a | 1.68 ab | 1.69 a | 1.67 a | 1.80 a | 0.08 |
SOD 2 | 64.8 b | 81.2 a | 81.2 a | 83.5 a | 86.2 a | 81.1 a | 3.08 |
MPO 3 | 2.71 b | 3.68 a | 3.48 a | 3.94 a | 4.13 a | 3.90 a | 0.21 |
Diets 1 | Pooled SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | OTC | BS7 | BS8 | LL7 | LL8 | ||
AST 2 | 66.7 b | 108 a | 78.3 b | 63.3 b | 56.7 b | 67.0 b | 7.50 |
ALT 3 | 5.33 | 5.33 | 5.33 | 5.33 | 6.00 | 5.33 | 0.11 |
Glucose (mg dL−1) | 43.7 | 44.0 | 50.3 | 50.7 | 41.7 | 47.7 | 1.54 |
T-protein 4 | 2.71 | 3.23 | 2.87 | 2.53 | 3.00 | 2.73 | 0.10 |
Diets 1 | Pooled SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | OTC | BS7 | BS8 | LL7 | LL8 | ||
Villi length (μm) | 202 d | 235 c | 253 b | 290 a | 273 ab | 285 a | 13.7 |
Muscular layer thickness (μm) | 36.4 c | 46.2 b | 50.2 ab | 59.0 a | 53.3 a | 54.9 a | 3.24 |
Diets 1 | Pooled SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | OTC | BS7 | BS8 | LL7 | LL8 | ||
HSP70 2 | 1.00 d | 6.42 bc | 3.79 cd | 7.51 ab | 6.83 ab | 9.68 a | 1.24 |
IL-1β 3 | 1.00 d | 5.37 c | 5.72 bc | 8.54 ab | 3.59 cd | 11.3 a | 1.48 |
IFN-γ 4 | 1.00 c | 8.22 a | 2.62 bc | 9.82 a | 3.78 b | 10.6 a | 1.65 |
TNF-α 5 | 1.00 c | 2.13 b | 2.17 b | 2.38 ab | 2.63 ab | 3.25 a | 0.30 |
Diets 1 | Pooled SEM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | OTC | BS7 | BS8 | LL7 | LL8 | ||
Trypsin (mU/mL) | 0.73 b | 0.90 b | 0.83 b | 1.30 a | 1.54 a | 1.49 a | 0.14 |
Lipase (mU/mL) | 3.07 | 3.11 | 3.32 | 3.43 | 3.01 | 3.58 | 0.09 |
Amylase (mU/mL) | 3.73 | 3.75 | 3.75 | 3.66 | 3.69 | 3.74 | 0.02 |
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Won, S.; Hamidoghli, A.; Choi, W.; Park, Y.; Jang, W.J.; Kong, I.-S.; Bai, S.C. Effects of Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactococcus lactis on Growth, Immune Responses, Histology and Gene Expression in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010067
Won S, Hamidoghli A, Choi W, Park Y, Jang WJ, Kong I-S, Bai SC. Effects of Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactococcus lactis on Growth, Immune Responses, Histology and Gene Expression in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(1):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010067
Chicago/Turabian StyleWon, Seonghun, Ali Hamidoghli, Wonsuk Choi, Youngjin Park, Won Je Jang, In-Soo Kong, and Sungchul C. Bai. 2020. "Effects of Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactococcus lactis on Growth, Immune Responses, Histology and Gene Expression in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus" Microorganisms 8, no. 1: 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010067