Innate Lymphoid Cells: Important Regulators of Host–Bacteria Interaction for Border Defense
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Definition of ILC Subsets and General Functions
3. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
3.1. ILC1 and NK Cells
3.1.1. Citrobacter rodentium
3.1.2. Clostridium difficile
3.1.3. Salmonella spp.
3.2. ILC2
3.2.1. Clostridium difficile
3.2.2. Helicobacter pylori
3.3. ILC3
3.3.1. Citrobacter rodentium
3.3.2. Clostridium difficile
3.3.3. Salmonella spp.
3.3.4. Helicobacter spp.
4. Infections of the Lung
4.1. ILC1 and NK Cells
4.1.1. Pneumoniae
4.1.2. Bordetella pertussis
4.2. ILC2
Pneumoniae
4.3. ILC3
4.3.1. Pneumoniae
4.3.2. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
5. Infections of the Skin
ILC2
6. Systemic Consequences of Bacterial Infections—The Role of ILCs in Sepsis
7. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organ | Bacteria | ILC Subgroup | Cytokines and Involved Signaling Pathways | Effect on Host | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intestine | Citrobacter rodentium | ILC1 | Activation: | ? | [39,40] | |
Production: | TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | MHCII; GPCR (Ffar2, GPR183); Ahr; VitA/RA; CXCL16/CXCR6 | [60,61,72,73,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,93,94,95,96,97] | |||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Clostridium difficile | ILC1 | Activation: | ? | [43] | ||
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
ILC2 | Activation: | IL-33 | [57] | |||
Production: | ? | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | IL-1β | [43,105] | |||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Salmonella typhimurium | ILC1 | Activation: | IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-1β | [36,45,48] | ||
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Inhibition: | VitA/RA | harmful | [71,88,106,107,108,110] | ||
Activation: | ? | |||||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Stomach | Helicobacter pylori | ILC2 | Activation: | IL-33, IL-7 | [56,58] | |
Production: | IL-5 | protective | ||||
Lung | Klebsiella pneumoniae | NK | Activation: | type I IFNs | [120] | |
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | ? | [119,137] | |||
Production: | IL-17 | protective | ||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | ILC2 | Activation: | ? | [116] | ||
Production: | IL-13 | harmful | ||||
ILC3 | Activation: | ? | [131,132,133,134] | |||
Production: | IL-22 | protective | ||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ILC3 | Activation: | ? | [135,136] | ||
Production: | IL-17, IL-22 | protective | ||||
Bordetella pertussis | NK | Activation: | IL-18 | [123,124,125] | ||
Production: | IFN-γ | protective | ||||
Mycobacterium tuberculosis | ILC3 | Activation: | CXCL13/CXCR5 | [140,141] | ||
Production | IL-22, IL-17 | protective | ||||
Skin | Staphylococcus aureus | ILC2 | Activation: | TSLP; CD1a | [147] | |
Production: | ? | harmful |
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Beck, K.; Ohno, H.; Satoh-Takayama, N. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Important Regulators of Host–Bacteria Interaction for Border Defense. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091342
Beck K, Ohno H, Satoh-Takayama N. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Important Regulators of Host–Bacteria Interaction for Border Defense. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(9):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091342
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeck, Katharina, Hiroshi Ohno, and Naoko Satoh-Takayama. 2020. "Innate Lymphoid Cells: Important Regulators of Host–Bacteria Interaction for Border Defense" Microorganisms 8, no. 9: 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091342