HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Viral and Host Factors Modulating HIV-1 Entry
2.1. Viral Factors Modulating HIV-1 Mucosal Transmission and Infection
2.1.1. Phenotypes of Transmitted Founder Viruses
2.1.2. Identification of HIV-1 Target to Inhibit Viral Cell Binding and Entry
2.2. Host Factors Modulating HIV-1 Mucosal Transmission and Infection
2.2.1. Early Cells Targeted by HIV-1 in the Mucosa
2.2.2. Factors Associated with Inflammation
2.2.3. Mucosal Correlates of Protection
3. Early Prevention of HIV-1 Infection: Passive and Active Immunization Targeting HIV Env-Mediated Cell Entry
3.1. Neutralizing Antibodies: Epitopes and Functions
3.2. Targeting the Transmitted Founder Virus
3.3. Systemic and Mucosal Antibody-Mediated Protection agaisnt HIV-1
3.3.1. Mucosal Protection by Passive Immunization
3.3.2. Mucosal Protection Induced by Active Immunization
4. Treatment of HIV-1 Infection with Entry Inhibitors
4.1. Gp120 Inhibitors
4.2. Gp41-Inhibitors
4.3. CD4-Modulators
4.4. Coreceptor Inhibitors
4.4.1. CCR5
4.4.2. CXCR4-Inhibitors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site of Interaction | Name of Inhibitor | Generic Name | Type of Molecule | Current Clinical Status | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GP120 | Dextrane sulfate (UA001) | - | polyanion | Phase I, NCT00001009 | [230] |
Curdlan sulfate | - | polyanion | Phase I, NCT00002100 | [231] | |
Pro2000 | - | polyanion | Phase III, NCT00262106 | [232] | |
Fostemsavir | Rukobia | small molecule | Approved | [233] | |
Griffithsin gel | - | lectin | Phase I, NCT02875119 | [234] | |
F105 | - | mAb | Phase I, NCT00001105 | [178] | |
3BNC117 | - | mAb | Phase I+II, NCT02588586 | [180,181] | |
10-1074-LS | - | mAb | Phase I, NCT03554408 | [182] | |
VRC01 | - | mAb | Phase I+II, NCT02664415 | [184] | |
VRC01LS | - | mAb | Phase I+II, NCT02797171 | [185] | |
CD4-Ig2 (PRO 542) | - | bAVP | Phase I/II, NCT00055185 | [235] | |
CCR5 | Maraviroc | Celsentri | small molecule | Approved | [236] |
INCB009471 | - | small molecule | Phase II, NCT00393120 | [237] | |
PF-232798 | - | small molecule | Phase II, NCT00495677 | [238] | |
TAK-652 | Cenicriviroc | small molecule | Phase II, NCT01092104 | [239] | |
MK-4176, SCH 417690 | Viciviroc | small molecule | Phase III, NCT00474370 | [240] | |
GW873140, AK602 | Aplaviroc | small molecule | Phase II+III terminated, NCT00197145 | [241] | |
HGS004 | - | mAb | Phase I, NCT00114699 | [242] | |
PRO 140 | Leronlimab | mAb | Phase II/III, NCT03902522 | [243] | |
CXCR4 | AMD11070 | - | small molecule | Phase I/II, NCT00089466 | [244] |
GP41 | Enfuvirtide | Fuzeon | peptide | Approved | [245] |
Albuvirtide | - | protein-conjugate | Phase II+III, NCT04560569 | [246] | |
C34-CXCR4 | - | cell | Phase I, NCT03020524 | [247] | |
2F5/4E10 | - | mAb | Phase I/II, NCT00219986 | [248] | |
10E8.4/iMab | - | bAVP | Phase I, NCT03875209 | [249] | |
CD4 | Ibalizumab (TNX-355) | Trogarzo | mAb | Approved | [250] |
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Bruxelle, J.-F.; Trattnig, N.; Mureithi, M.W.; Landais, E.; Pantophlet, R. HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020228
Bruxelle J-F, Trattnig N, Mureithi MW, Landais E, Pantophlet R. HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(2):228. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020228
Chicago/Turabian StyleBruxelle, Jean-François, Nino Trattnig, Marianne W. Mureithi, Elise Landais, and Ralph Pantophlet. 2021. "HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection" Microorganisms 9, no. 2: 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020228