Mineralosphere Microbiome Leading to Changed Geochemical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks from Aiqigou Mud Volcano, Northwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Sample Collection
2.2. Rock Physicochemical Analyses
2.3. Enrichments
2.4. DNA Extraction, Amplification, and High Throughput Sequencing of the 16S rRNA Gene
2.5. Quantitative PCR
- (1)
- The primers were the same as above, and the sequences were synthesized by Sangon Biotech. Takara TaqTM Hot Start Version (Takara, Dalian, China) was selected as the system. The reaction system was 25 μL: 1 μL forward primer (10 μM), 1 μL reverse primer (10 μM), 1 μL DNA (10–40 ng μL−1), 0.2 μL Takara Taq HS, 2.5 μL 10× PCR Buffer, 1.5 μL dNTP mixture and the remaining volume was replenished with sterile deionized water. The procedure recommended in the instructions was used for the reaction, and the PCR products obtained after amplification were verified by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and then recycled by gel cutting by AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen Biosciences, Tewksbury, MA, USA).
- (2)
- The purified PCR products were sequenced and cloned into the pGEM-T Easy Vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and then transformed into the Escherichia coli DH5α (TIANGEN, Beijing, China) [19]. The obtained strains were verified by PCR and sequencing, and the DNA length was calculated by BioEdit.
- (3)
- The plasmids with target genes were extracted with TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TIANGEN Biotech, Beijing, China), then the Plasmid DNA was used NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA) to determine the purity and concentration. A260/280 between 1.8–2.0 indicates that the plasmid is of good quality and can be used in the production of standard curves. According to the concentration, the copy number of the plasmid can be calculated according to Equation (1):
2.6. Data and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Mineralogical Compositions
3.2. Chemical Composition of Major Elements
3.3. Microbial Communities in Different Rock Layers
3.4. Environmental Factors Associated with Microbial Community Structure
3.5. Biogeochemical Process of Hydrocarbon and Iron in Enrichments
4. Discussion
4.1. Geochemical Properties of AQG Terrestrial Rocks
4.2. Microbial Communities of AQG Terrestrial Rocks
4.3. The Interaction between Hydrocarbons and Iron-Bearing Minerals Mediated by Microorganisms
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample ID | SiO2 (%) | Al2O3 (%) | Fe2O3 (%) | K2O (%) | MgO (%) | Na2O (%) | TiO2 (%) | CaO (%) | MnO (%) | P2O5 (%) | LOI * (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AQG1 | 62.22 | 24.75 | 4.77 | 2.98 | 1.83 | 1.03 | 1.09 | 0.426 | 0.045 | 0.069 | 0.538 |
AQG2 | 62.39 | 22.68 | 6.15 | 2.66 | 2.17 | 1.42 | 1.03 | 0.608 | 0.063 | 0.076 | 0.345 |
AQG3 | 55.68 | 22.12 | 9.76 | 2.52 | 2.22 | 3.18 | 0.98 | 0.684 | 0.191 | 0.143 | 0.445 |
AQG4 | 57.89 | 23.62 | 9.06 | 3.07 | 2.07 | 1.16 | 0.97 | 0.816 | 0.056 | 0.160 | 0.517 |
AQG5 | 56.61 | 20.28 | 5.26 | 2.48 | 2.04 | 6.22 | 1.02 | 0.692 | 0.057 | 0.074 | 0.615 |
AQG6 | 57.75 | 27.29 | 3.90 | 2.68 | 2.05 | 2.52 | 1.18 | 0.943 | 0.073 | 0.067 | 0.334 |
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Ma, K.; Ma, A.; Zheng, G.; Ren, G.; Xie, F.; Zhou, H.; Yin, J.; Liang, Y.; Zhuang, X.; Zhuang, G. Mineralosphere Microbiome Leading to Changed Geochemical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks from Aiqigou Mud Volcano, Northwest China. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030560
Ma K, Ma A, Zheng G, Ren G, Xie F, Zhou H, Yin J, Liang Y, Zhuang X, Zhuang G. Mineralosphere Microbiome Leading to Changed Geochemical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks from Aiqigou Mud Volcano, Northwest China. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(3):560. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030560
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Ke, Anzhou Ma, Guodong Zheng, Ge Ren, Fei Xie, Hanchang Zhou, Jun Yin, Yu Liang, Xuliang Zhuang, and Guoqiang Zhuang. 2021. "Mineralosphere Microbiome Leading to Changed Geochemical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks from Aiqigou Mud Volcano, Northwest China" Microorganisms 9, no. 3: 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030560
APA StyleMa, K., Ma, A., Zheng, G., Ren, G., Xie, F., Zhou, H., Yin, J., Liang, Y., Zhuang, X., & Zhuang, G. (2021). Mineralosphere Microbiome Leading to Changed Geochemical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks from Aiqigou Mud Volcano, Northwest China. Microorganisms, 9(3), 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030560