Pythium Damping-Off and Root Rot of Capsicum annuum L.: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pythium Species: Causal Agent of Damping-Off and Root Rot
2.1. Ecology
2.2. Epidemiology
3. Detection and Diagnosis of Pythium Species
4. Control Measures
4.1. Cultural Control
4.2. Chemical Control
4.3. Biological Control
5. Virulence Mechanism of Pythium spp. and Challenges in Resistant Breeding against Pythium spp.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Species | Identification Criteria | Sequence Used in Molecular Identification | Crops Affected | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pakistan | P. myriotylum | Morphological and molecular | ITS sequence | 13.8%–45.4% | [20] |
India | P. graminicola | Morphological and molecular | ITS sequence | Not available | [21] |
Pakistan | P. spinosum | Morphological and molecular | ITS sequence | Not available | [23] |
India | P. aphanidermatum, P. graminicola, P. ultimum, P. diliense, P. heterothallicum | Not available | Not available | Not available | [26] |
Pakistan | P. debaryanum | Morphological and molecular | ITS sequence | 45% | [32] |
India | P. aphanidermatum | Morphological | Not available | Not available | [48] |
Pakistan | P. aphanidermatum | Morphological and molecular | ITS and partial LSU sequence | Not available | [49] |
Pakistan | P. aphanidermatum P. spinosum P. intermedium | Morphological and molecular | ITS Sequence | Not available | [50] |
India | P. aphanidermatum | Not available | Not available | Not available | [51] |
India | P. aphanidermatum | Not available | Not available | Not available | [52] |
Pakistan | Pythium spp. | Not available | Not available | Not available | [53] |
Pathogen Species | Microbial Control | Strain Name/Commercial Product | In Vitro Control | In Vivo Control | Mode of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | ||||||
P. aphanidermatum | Pseudomonas fluorescens | EBS20 | 76.66% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | Not available | Production of phytopathogen inhibitor phenazine. | [51] |
P. aphanidermatum | Pseudomonas. fluorescens | Biomonas * | Not available. | 10.46% and 20.28% losses due to pre and post-emergence damping-off, respectively, as opposed to 29.06% and 59.12% in control in nursery fields using seed treatment. | Not available. | [98] |
P. aphanidermatum | Pseudomonas fluorescens | EBC 5 | 68.88% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 9.10% and 12.33% incidences of pre and post-emergence damping-off when EBC 5 and EBC 7 were combined in pot culture using seed coating, as opposed to 30.66% and 34% in control. | Production of antifungal metabolites reduced mycelial growth in-vitro. | [106] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | EBC 7 | 65.93% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | ||||
Pythium spp. | Bacillus megaterium | BECS7 | 45.9% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 2% incidences of damping-off as opposed to 14.67% in control in field conditions. | Release of hydrolytic enzymes such as lipase, cellulase, amylase, and protease. | [107] |
P. aphanidermatum | Bacillus licheniformis | NR1005 | 69.96% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 81.18% reduction in damping-off incidence over control in pot culture using seed treatment. | Not available. | [109] |
P. ultimum | Stenotrophomonas rhizophila | KM01 | 80% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 75%–100% reduction in disease index over control in pot culture using root inoculation. | Not available. | [110] |
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila | KM02 | 76% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 75%–100% reduction in disease index over control in pot culture using root inoculation. | |||
Bacillus subtilis | RBM02 | 67%–77% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 100% reduction in disease index over control in pot culture using root inoculation. | |||
P. debaryanum | Bacillus subtilis | RB-31 | 91% inhibition of mycelial growth. | Not available. | Not available. | [111] |
Fungi | ||||||
Pythium spp. | Trichoderma harzianum | TK8 | 62.8% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | Not available. | Not available. | [29] |
P. aphanidermatum | Trichoderma harzianum | Not available | 75.34% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 83.16% reduction in damping-off incidence over control in pot culture using seed treatment. | Not available. | [109] |
P. ultimum | Cryptococcus laurentii | 2R1CB | 75% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | 75%–100% reduction in disease index over control in pot culture using root inoculation. | Production of β-1,3-glucanase reduced the mycelial growth in vitro. | [110] |
P. aphanidermatum | Trichoderma viride | Not available | 76.1% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | Not available | Production of antibiotics. | [112] |
P. aphanidermatum | Trichoderma viride | TVC3 | 88% reduction in the growth of mycelia. | Not available | Volatile and non-volatile antibiotics production and mycoparasitism. | [113] |
Fungi + Bacteria | ||||||
P. aphanidermatm | Trichoderma viride + Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus subtilis | Not available. | Not available. | 13.33% and 15.36% incidences of pre and post-emergence damping-off, respectively, as opposed to 53.33% and 24.80% in control in pot culture using seed treatment. | Not available. | [30] |
P. aphanidermatum | Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens | TVA EBL 20-PF | Not available. | Reduction of 84% and 71.5% in pre and post-emergence damping-off incidences, respectively, using seed treatment and soil application in pot culture. | Induced systemic resistance due to increased activities of PAL, PO, PPO, and accumulation of phenolics. | [52] |
P. aphanidermatum | Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens | Not available. | 82% reduction in mycelial growth over control. | Reduction of 72.2% and 59.2% in pre and post-emergence damping-off incidences, respectively, in pot culture, using seed treatment. | Production of antifungal antibiotic. | [114] |
Algae | ||||||
P. aphanidermatum | Calothrix elenkenii | Not available. | Minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate was 16.6 ppm. | Seed treatment with ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate reduced mortality to 10%–20% as opposed to 60%–70% in untreated controls in pot culture. | Not available. | [63] |
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Arora, H.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, S.; Haron, F.F.; Gafur, A.; Sayyed, R.Z.; Datta, R. Pythium Damping-Off and Root Rot of Capsicum annuum L.: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Management. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040823
Arora H, Sharma A, Sharma S, Haron FF, Gafur A, Sayyed RZ, Datta R. Pythium Damping-Off and Root Rot of Capsicum annuum L.: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Management. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(4):823. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040823
Chicago/Turabian StyleArora, Himanshu, Abhishek Sharma, Satyawati Sharma, Farah Farhanah Haron, Abdul Gafur, R. Z. Sayyed, and Rahul Datta. 2021. "Pythium Damping-Off and Root Rot of Capsicum annuum L.: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Management" Microorganisms 9, no. 4: 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040823