Culture-Independent and Culture-Dependent Characterization of the Black Soldier Fly Gut Microbiome Reveals a Large Proportion of Culturable Bacteria with Potential for Industrial Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Black Soldier Fly Breeding
2.2. Analysis of the BSFL Microbial Community by Amplicon Sequencing
2.3. Cultivation and Isolation of Gut Bacteria
2.4. Phylogenetic Classification of Isolates and Comparison with Amplicon Sequences
2.5. Genomic Fingerprinting
2.6. Screening for Antimicrobial Activity
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of the BSF Microbial Community by Amplicon Sequencing
3.2. Isolation, Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacterial Isolates from BSFL Guts
3.3. The Culturable BSFL Gut Microbial Community
3.4. Genomic Fingerprinting of Bacterial Isolates from the Cultivation Approach
3.5. Screening for Antimicrobial Activity among the Isolates from the Cultivation Approach
4. Discussion
4.1. Amplicon Sequencing Versus Cultivation-Dependent Microbiome Analysis
4.2. Antimicrobial Activity of the Gut Microbiome
4.3. Possible Applications of BSFL Gut Bacterial Isolates
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. aureus | E. coli | P. aeruginosa | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain No. | Closest Relative (Based on 16S rRNA Sequencing) | Inhibition | Zone of Inhibition (mm) | Inhibition | Zone of Inhibition (mm) | Inhibition | Zone of Inhibition (mm) |
01-003 | Corynebacterium terpenotabidum | − | − | − | − | (+) | 1.50 ± 0.71 |
01-008 | Morganella morganii | − | − | − | − | + | 3.25 ± 0.35 |
01-018 | Alcaligenes faecalis | + | 2.75 ± 0.35 | + | 3.50 ± 0.00 | − | − |
01-027 | Providencia rettgeri | − | − | − | − | (+) | 3.00 ± 0.00 |
01-035 | Providencia rettgeri | − | − | − | − | (+) | 2.50 ± 0.00 |
01-040 | Wohlfahrtiimonas larvae | (+) | 1.00 ± 0.00 | − | − | + | 2.00 ± 0.00 |
01-052 | Providencia rettgeri | − | − | − | − | (+) | 3.00 ± 0.00 |
01-053 | Providencia rettgeri | − | − | − | − | (+) | 2.00 ± 0.00 |
01-054 | Klebsiella aerogenes | − | − | + | 3.75 ± 0.35 | − | − |
01-060 | Providencia rettgeri | − | − | − | − | (+) | 3.00 ± 0.00 |
01-079 | Providencia rettgeri | − | − | − | − | (+) | 2.00 ± 0.00 |
01-105 | Klebsiella aerogenes | − | − | + | 3.25 ± 0.35 | − | − |
01-115 | Alcaligenes faecalis | + | 2.00 ± 0.00 | − | − | − | − |
01-124 | Alcaligenes faecalis | − | − | + | 2.75 ± 0.35 | + | 3.50 ± 0.71 |
01-149 | Bacillus velezensis | + | 2.75 ± 0.35 | + | 1.50 ± 0.00 | + | 5.25 ± 1.06 |
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Tegtmeier, D.; Hurka, S.; Mihajlovic, S.; Bodenschatz, M.; Schlimbach, S.; Vilcinskas, A. Culture-Independent and Culture-Dependent Characterization of the Black Soldier Fly Gut Microbiome Reveals a Large Proportion of Culturable Bacteria with Potential for Industrial Applications. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081642
Tegtmeier D, Hurka S, Mihajlovic S, Bodenschatz M, Schlimbach S, Vilcinskas A. Culture-Independent and Culture-Dependent Characterization of the Black Soldier Fly Gut Microbiome Reveals a Large Proportion of Culturable Bacteria with Potential for Industrial Applications. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(8):1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081642
Chicago/Turabian StyleTegtmeier, Dorothee, Sabine Hurka, Sanja Mihajlovic, Maren Bodenschatz, Stephanie Schlimbach, and Andreas Vilcinskas. 2021. "Culture-Independent and Culture-Dependent Characterization of the Black Soldier Fly Gut Microbiome Reveals a Large Proportion of Culturable Bacteria with Potential for Industrial Applications" Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1642. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081642