The Relation between Migratory Activity of Pipistrellus Bats at Sea and Weather Conditions Offers Possibilities to Reduce Offshore Wind Farm Effects
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Marine Ecology and Management (MARECO), Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecology (ATECO), Operational Directorate Natural Environment (OD Nature), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
2
Ecosensys, Hoofdweg 46, 9966 VC Zuurdijk, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2021, 11(12), 3457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123457
Submission received: 30 September 2021
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Revised: 25 November 2021
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Accepted: 2 December 2021
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Published: 4 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bat Biology in Relation to Wind Energy Development)
Simple Summary
Some species of bats migrate over longer distances between their summer roosts and winter areas. During migration, many man-made obstacles, such as wind farms, can pose a collision risk for bats. As it is known that bats can fly over open sea during migration, and offshore wind farms can also be problematic. We studied the presence of bats during migration at several North Sea locations with the aim of understanding the weather conditions triggering bat migration at sea. Our results show a decrease in bat activity with distance from the coast and a correlation between bat migration and wind speed (negative), wind direction, temperature (positive), and atmospheric pressure (positive). Understanding these relationships can help in reducing the effects of offshore wind farms by periodically idling the blades when optimal meteorological conditions prevail and by opting for wind farm locations where bat activity is less prevalent.
Abstract
Bats undertaking seasonal migration between summer roosts and wintering areas can cross large areas of open sea. Given the known impact of onshore wind turbines on bats, concerns were raised on whether offshore wind farms pose risks to bats. Better comprehension of the phenology and weather conditions of offshore bat migration are considered as research priorities for bat conservation and provide a scientific basis for mitigating the impact of offshore wind turbines on bats. This study investigated the weather conditions linked to the migratory activity of Pipistrellus bats at multiple near- and offshore locations in the Belgian part of the North Sea. We found a positive relationship between migratory activity and ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure and a negative relationship with wind speed. The activity was highest with a wind direction between NE and SE, which may favor offshore migration towards the UK. Further, we found a clear negative relationship between the number of detections and the distance from the coast. At the nearshore survey location, the number of detections was up to 24 times higher compared to the offshore locations. Our results can support mitigation strategies to reduce offshore wind farm effects on bats and offer guidance in the siting process of new offshore wind farms.
