Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine-Nalbuphine Combination vs. Dexmedetomidine Alone in Donkeys Undergoing Field Castration under Total Intravenous Anesthesia
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Donkeys
2.2. Anesthesia and Surgical Protocol
2.3. Cardiorespiratory and Body Temperature Measurements
2.4. Anesthetic Monitoring and Data Collection
2.5. Hematological and Serum Biochemical Analyses
2.6. Pain Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Sedation, Anesthetic Induction, Maintenance and Recovery
3.2. The Findings of Cardiorespiratory Measurements
3.3. The Findings of CBC and Serum Biochemical Analyses
3.4. Evaluation of Pain after Recovery from TIVA Using the SDS for Pain
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameter | Score | Description |
Sedation quality [15] | 0 (No) 1 (Mild) 2 (Moderate) 3 (Marked) |
|
Anesthetic induction quality [17] | (1) Good (2) Acceptable (3) Poor |
|
Quality of analgesia [19] | 1 2 3 4 |
|
Muscle relaxation [20] | 0 1 2 3 |
|
Palpebral reflex [4] | 0 1 2 |
|
Anesthetic maintenance [21] | 0 (Poor) 1 (Fair) 2 (Good) 3 (Excellent) |
|
Quality of recovery [22] | 1 (Excellent) 2 (Good) 3 (Fair) 4 (Poor) 5 (Very poor) |
|
Simple descriptive scale (SDS) for pain [23]. | 0 1 2 3 |
|
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Parameters | Group D (n = 6) | Group DN (n = 6) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sedation quality | (2.00 ± 0.00) | (3.00 ± 0.75) | 0.022 * |
Induction quality | (2.00 ± 0.75) | (1.00 ± 0.00) | 0.11 |
Quality of analgesia | (2.00 ± 0.75) | (1.00 ± 0.75) | 0.2 |
Muscle relaxation | (1.00 ± 0.75) | (0.50 ± 1.00) | 0.5 |
Palpebral reflex | (1.00 ± 0.75) | (1.00 ± 0.75) | 0.5 |
Anesthetic maintenance | (2.00 ± 0.75) | (3.00 ± 0.00) | 0.11 |
Quality of recovery | (2.00 ± 0.75) | (1.00 ± 0.75) | 0.018 * |
Parameters | Group D (n = 6) | Group DN (n = 6) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Time for induction (seconds) | (46.83 ± 5.08) | (40.17 ± 9.33) | 0.155 |
Duration of anesthesia (minutes) | (24.33 ± 1.75) | (23.83 ± 3.97) | 0.78 |
The surgical time (minutes) | (16.83 ± 2.79) | (16.67 ± 3.20) | 0.925 |
Time to sternal recumbency (minutes) | (17.00 ± 4.60) | (22.33 ± 3.01) | 0.039 * |
Total recovery time (minutes) | (19.83 ± 4.31) | (25.67 ± 3.14) | 0.023 * |
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 51.59 | 47.29–55.89 | <0.001 |
DN | −0.67 | −6.72–5.39 | 0.829 |
T (pre) | −7.76 | −11.05–−4.47 | <0.001 |
T5 | −5.03 | −8.10–−1.97 | 0.001 |
T15 | −5.28 | −8.53–−2.03 | 0.002 |
T 30 | −7.56 | −10.65–−4.46 | <0.001 |
T (recovery) | −1.34 | −4.69–2.01 | 0.431 |
PR ½ hour | −0.69 | −3.73–2.34 | 0.654 |
DN × T (pre) | 4.66 | 0.07–9.26 | 0.047 |
DN × T5 | 0.67 | −3.64–4.97 | 0.760 |
DN × T15 | 8.02 | 3.45–12.58 | 0.001 |
DN × T 30 | 6.08 | 1.73–10.42 | 0.006 |
DN × T (recovery) | 2.09 | −2.61–6.79 | 0.383 |
DN × PR½ hour | 0.43 | −3.84–4.69 | 0.844 |
Random Effects | |||
σ2 | 24.47 | ||
τ00 group | 3.41 | ||
ICC | 0.12 | ||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.229/0.323 |
Predictors | Systolic Arterial BP | Diastolic Arterial BP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 143.00 | 130.07–155.93 | <0.001 | 112.00 | 101.56–122.44 | <0.001 |
DN | 0.67 | −17.62–18.95 | 0.940 | −1.67 | −16.43–13.10 | 0.817 |
T (pre) | −56.00 | −67.99–−44.01 | <0.001 | −46.67 | −57.44–−35.89 | <0.001 |
T5 | −41.67 | −53.66–−29.67 | <0.001 | −39.00 | −49.77–−28.23 | <0.001 |
T15 | −40.33 | −52.33–−28.34 | <0.001 | −36.33 | −47.11–−25.56 | <0.001 |
T 30 | −26.00 | −37.99–−14.01 | <0.001 | −38.33 | −49.11–−27.56 | <0.001 |
T (recovery) | −22.67 | −34.66–−10.67 | 0.001 | −20.00 | −30.77–−9.23 | 0.001 |
DN × T (pre) | 15.67 | −1.29–32.63 | 0.069 | 15.00 | −0.23–30.23 | 0.053 |
DN × T5 | 9.00 | −7.96–25.96 | 0.283 | 19.33 | 4.10–34.57 | 0.015 |
DN × T15 | 19.67 | 2.71–36.63 | 0.025 | 15.00 | −0.23–30.23 | 0.053 |
DN × T 30 | 21.33 | 4.37–38.29 | 0.016 | 38.33 | 23.10–53.57 | <0.001 |
DN × T (recovery) | 8.33 | −8.63–25.29 | 0.319 | 21.33 | 6.10–36.57 | 0.008 |
Random Effects | ||||||
σ2 | 50.17 | 40.47 | ||||
τ00 group | 22.16 | 11.85 | ||||
ICC | 0.31 | 0.23 | ||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.811/0.869 | 0.843/0.879 |
Predictors | PR Interval (ms) | QT Interval (ms) | QRS Width (ms) | ST Segment Deviation (mV) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 149.75 | 120.03–179.48 | <0.001 | 344.76 | 263.97–425.56 | <0.001 | 52.56 | 34.03–71.09 | <0.001 | 0.00 | −0.17–0.17 | 0.992 |
DN | 54.11 | 15.40–92.82 | 0.006 | 59 | −61.90–157.09 | 0.393 | −6.17 | −31.89–19.56 | 0.637 | −0.00 | −0.24–0.24 | 0.997 |
T (pre) | 107.30 | 67.25–147.34 | <0.001 | 216.85 | 137.03–296.67 | <0.001 | 14.78 | 2.64–26.93 | 0.017 | 0.00 | −0.15–0.15 | 0.999 |
T5 | 116.17 | 79.38–152.96 | <0.001 | 267.98 | 194.65–341.32 | <0.001 | 18.64 | 7.48–29.80 | 0.001 | 0.05 | −0.09–0.18 | 0.484 |
T15 | 100.58 | 63.79–137.37 | <0.001 | 147.97 | 74.63–221.31 | <0.001 | 23.39 | 12.23–34.55 | <0.001 | 0.07 | −0.07–0.20 | 0.333 |
T 30 | 85.54 | 48.10–122.98 | <0.001 | 217.79 | 143.16–292.42 | <0.001 | 13.12 | 1.77–24.48 | 0.024 | 0.11 | −0.02–0.25 | 0.107 |
T (recovery) | 77.93 | 41.14–114.72 | <0.001 | 191.36 | 118.03–264.70 | <0.001 | 12.00 | 0.84–23.16 | 0.035 | 0.49 | 0.36–0.63 | <0.001 |
PR ½ hour | 10.91 | −25.88–47.70 | 0.560 | 97.28 | 23.94–170.61 | 0.010 | 1.77 | −9.39–12.93 | 0.755 | 0.00 | −0.13–0.14 | 0.979 |
DN × T (pre) | −66.51 | −117.00–−16.01 | 0.010 | −145.44 | −246.09–−44.79 | 0.005 | −10.03 | −25.35–5.28 | 0.198 | 0.00 | −0.18–0.19 | 0.983 |
DN × T5 | −116.35 | −163.20–−69.51 | <0.001 | −202.39 | −295.76–−109.02 | <0.001 | −0.03 | −0.21–0.14 | 0.690 | −19.97 | −34.18–−5.77 | 0.006 |
DN × T15 | −92.22 | −140.17–−44.26 | <0.001 | −105.87 | −201.47–−10.28 | 0.030 | −0.07 | −0.24–0.11 | 0.459 | −22.94 | −37.49–−8.39 | 0.002 |
DN × T30 | −87.70 | −135.89–−39.51 | <0.001 | −132.54 | −228.60–−36.48 | 0.007 | −0.11 | −0.29–0.06 | 0.213 | −12.46 | −27.08–2.16 | 0.094 |
DN × T (recovery) | −98.77 | −145.80–−51.75 | <0.001 | −139.61 | −233.35–−45.87 | 0.004 | −11.63 | −25.90–2.63 | 0.109 | −0.44 | −0.61–−0.27 | <0.001 |
DN × PR½ hour | −15.16 | −61.84–31.51 | 0.523 | −93.13 | −186.16–−0.09 | 0.050 | −2.18 | −16.33–11.98 | 0.762 | 0.01 | −0.16–0.18 | 0.903 |
Random Effects | ||||||||||||
σ2 | 2251.58 | 8946.36 | 207.15 | 0.03 | ||||||||
τ00 group | 39.80 | 935.01 | 71.10 | 0.01 | ||||||||
ICC | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.15 | ||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.293/0.306 | 0.309/0.374 | 0.267/0.454 | 0.277/0.385 |
Predictors | RR (Breaths/Minute) | SpO2% | RT (°C) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 25.00 | 22.84–27.16 | <0.001 | 92.00 | 89.58–94.42 | <0.001 | 36.98 | 36.55–37.42 | <0.001 |
DN | −0.67 | −3.72–2.38 | 0.663 | 0.83 | −2.59–4.25 | 0.626 | −0.05 | −0.67–0.57 | 0.872 |
T (pre) | −2.50 | −5.38–0.38 | 0.088 | −2.17 | −5.37–1.04 | 0.180 | −0.27 | −0.88–0.34 | 0.385 |
T5 | −4.17 | −7.05–−1.29 | 0.005 | −2.83 | −6.04–0.37 | 0.082 | −0.57 | −1.18–0.04 | 0.068 |
T15 | −5.50 | −8.38–−2.62 | <0.001 | −3.00 | −6.21–0.21 | 0.066 | −0.78 | −1.39–−0.17 | 0.013 |
T30 | −4.00 | −6.88–−1.12 | 0.007 | −2.33 | −5.54–0.87 | 0.150 | −0.87 | −1.48–−0.26 | 0.006 |
T (recovery) | −2.50 | −5.38–0.38 | 0.088 | −2.50 | −5.71–0.71 | 0.123 | −0.57 | −1.18–0.04 | 0.068 |
DN × T (pre) | −0.67 | −4.74–3.41 | 0.745 | −0.17 | −4.70–4.37 | 0.941 | −0.05 | −0.91–0.81 | 0.908 |
DN × T5 | 0.83 | −3.24–4.91 | 0.684 | 0.50 | −4.03–5.03 | 0.825 | 0.02 | −0.85–0.88 | 0.969 |
DN × T15 | −0.50 | −4.58–3.58 | 0.807 | −0.17 | −4.70–4.37 | 0.941 | 0.05 | −0.81–0.91 | 0.908 |
DN × T30 | −0.00 | −4.08–4.08 | 1.000 | 0.83 | −2.59–4.25 | 0.626 | 0.02 | −0.85–0.88 | 0.969 |
DN × T (recovery) | −0.50 | −4.58–3.58 | 0.807 | −0.17 | −4.70–4.37 | 0.941 | −0.15 | −1.01–0.71 | 0.729 |
Random Effects | |||||||||
σ2 | 6.22 | 7.62 | 0.28 | ||||||
τ00 group | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.00 | ||||||
ICC | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | ||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.340/0.353 | 0.151/0.170 | 0.241/0.244 |
Predictors | WBCs (×103 Cells/μL) | Neutrophils (×103 Cells/μL) | NLR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 8.72 | 5.56–11.89 | <0.001 | 3.15 | 0.74–5.56 | 0.012 | 0.72 | −0.20–1.64 | 0.120 |
DN | 0.55 | −3.93–5.03 | 0.805 | 0.31 | −3.11–3.72 | 0.857 | −0.02 | −1.32–1.28 | 0.977 |
T (pre) | −0.33 | −4.24–3.58 | 0.865 | 0.37 | −1.19–1.93 | 0.632 | 0.10 | −0.49–0.70 | 0.730 |
T5 | −0.35 | −4.26–3.56 | 0.858 | 0.37 | −1.19–1.93 | 0.635 | 0.14 | −0.46–0.74 | 0.636 |
T15 | 2.36 | −1.54–6.27 | 0.229 | 2.50 | 0.94–4.06 | 0.002 | 0.35 | −0.24–0.95 | 0.239 |
T30 | 3.12 | −0.78–7.03 | 0.114 | 4.33 | 2.77–5.89 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 0.82–2.01 | <0.001 |
T (recovery) | 4.38 | 0.48–8.29 | 0.029 | 6.03 | 4.47–7.59 | <0.001 | 1.84 | 1.25–2.44 | <0.001 |
PR ½ | 3.27 | −0.63–7.18 | 0.098 | 5.30 | 3.74–6.86 | <0.001 | 2.08 | 1.49–2.68 | <0.001 |
PR 1 | 5.23 | 1.32–9.13 | 0.010 | 7.26 | 5.70–8.82 | <0.001 | 2.89 | 2.30–3.49 | <0.001 |
PR 2 | 4.13 | 0.23–8.04 | 0.039 | 6.03 | 4.47–7.59 | <0.001 | 2.19 | 1.59–2.78 | <0.001 |
PR 4 | 5.05 | 1.15–8.96 | 0.012 | 6.68 | 5.12–8.24 | <0.001 | 1.56 | 0.96–2.15 | <0.001 |
PR 6 | 3.69 | −0.22–7.59 | 0.064 | 5.74 | 4.18–7.30 | <0.001 | 2.28 | 1.68–2.88 | <0.001 |
DN × T (pre) | −0.13 | −5.65–5.40 | 0.964 | −0.62 | −2.83–1.59 | 0.572 | −0.14 | −0.99–0.70 | 0.736 |
DN × T5 | −0.37 | −5.90–5.15 | 0.893 | −0.63 | −2.83–1.58 | 0.570 | −0.07 | −0.92–0.77 | 0.862 |
DN × T15 | −2.10 | −7.62–3.43 | 0.448 | −1.49 | −3.70–0.72 | 0.180 | −0.05 | −0.90–0.79 | 0.902 |
DN × T30 | −2.21 | −7.73–3.31 | 0.424 | −3.01 | −5.22–−0.80 | 0.009 | −0.97 | −1.81–−0.12 | 0.026 |
DN× T (recovery) | −2.60 | −8.12–2.93 | 0.348 | −3.76 | −5.96–−1.55 | 0.001 | −1.22 | −2.06–−0.37 | 0.006 |
DN × PR ½ | −2.79 | −8.32–2.73 | 0.313 | −3.93 | −6.13–−1.72 | 0.001 | −1.57 | −2.42–−0.73 | 0.001 |
DN × PR 1 | −3.91 | −9.43–1.62 | 0.161 | −5.68 | −7.89–−3.47 | <0.001 | −2.36 | −3.21–−1.52 | <0.001 |
DN × PR 2 | −3.21 | −8.73–2.31 | 0.247 | −4.11 | −6.32–−1.91 | 0.001 | −1.50 | −2.34–−0.65 | 0.001 |
DN × PR 4 | −4.54 | −10.07–0.98 | 0.104 | −5.39 | −7.60–−3.18 | <0.001 | −0.96 | −1.81–−0.12 | 0.027 |
DN × PR 6 | −1.64 | −7.16–3.88 | 0.552 | −4.25 | −6.46–−2.04 | <0.001 | −1.81 | −2.66–−0.97 | <0.001 |
Random Effects | |||||||||
σ2 | 5.62 | 0.90 | 0.13 | ||||||
τ00 group | 0.59 | 1.13 | 0.16 | ||||||
ICC | 0.09 | 0.56 | 0.55 | ||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.328/0.391 | 0.736/0.883 | 0.723/0.876 |
Predictors | IL-6 (pg/mL) | TNF-α (pg/mL) | cTn-1 (pg/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 105.65 | 92.04–119.25 | <0.001 | 607.09 | 562.40–651.78 | <0.001 | 39.60 | 31.14–48.06 | <0.001 |
DN | −1.06 | −20.30–18.17 | 0.913 | −0.32 | −63.52–62.88 | 0.992 | 0.15 | −11.81–12.11 | 0.980 |
T (pre) | −1.02 | −19.27–17.24 | 0.912 | −17.61 | −73.51–38.29 | 0.533 | 2.40 | −5.21–10.01 | 0.532 |
T5 | 0.73 | −17.53–18.99 | 0.937 | −56.63 | −112.53–−0.73 | 0.047 | 1.40 | −6.21–9.01 | 0.716 |
T15 | 62.81 | 43.75–81.88 | <0.001 | 210.44 | 152.05–268.83 | <0.001 | 1.40 | −6.55–9.35 | 0.727 |
T30 | 85.84 | 67.58–104.09 | <0.001 | 213.22 | 157.32–269.13 | <0.001 | −1.10 | −8.71–6.51 | 0.775 |
T (recovery) | 50.00 | 30.93–69.07 | <0.001 | 233.24 | 174.85–291.63 | <0.001 | −3.60 | −11.55–4.35 | 0.371 |
PR ½ | 47.70 | 28.63–66.77 | <0.001 | 213.94 | 155.55–272.33 | <0.001 | −3.10 | −11.05–4.85 | 0.440 |
PR 1 | 56.08 | 37.01–75.15 | <0.001 | 244.68 | 186.29–303.07 | <0.001 | −1.60 | −9.55–6.35 | 0.690 |
PR 2 | 47.96 | 28.89–67.03 | <0.001 | 219.70 | 161.31–278.09 | <0.001 | −0.60 | −8.55–7.35 | 0.881 |
PR 4 | 48.80 | 29.74–67.87 | <0.001 | 250.67 | 192.28–309.07 | <0.001 | −1.60 | −9.55–6.35 | 0.690 |
PR 6 | 48.71 | 29.64–67.78 | <0.001 | 241.19 | 182.80–299.58 | <0.001 | −1.60 | −9.55–6.35 | 0.690 |
DN × T (pre) | −0.26 | −26.08–25.56 | 0.984 | −21.54 | −100.60–57.52 | 0.590 | −8.65 | −19.41–2.11 | 0.114 |
DN × T5 | −12.45 | −38.27–13.37 | 0.341 | −2.40 | −81.47–76.66 | 0.952 | −6.15 | −16.91–4.61 | 0.259 |
DN × T15 | −13.31 | −40.28–13.66 | 0.330 | −37.71 | −120.29–44.87 | 0.367 | −12.15 | −23.39–−0.91 | 0.034 |
DN × T30 | −34.50 | −60.31–−8.68 | 0.009 | −52.83 | −131.89–26.24 | 0.188 | −9.32 | −20.08–1.44 | 0.089 |
DN × T (recovery) | −16.59 | −43.56–10.38 | 0.225 | −53.20 | −135.78–29.38 | 0.204 | −7.15 | −18.39–4.09 | 0.210 |
DN × PR ½ | −13.24 | −40.21–13.72 | 0.332 | −40.54 | −123.12–42.04 | 0.332 | −4.15 | −15.39–7.09 | 0.465 |
DN × PR 1 | −22.11 | −49.08–4.85 | 0.107 | −52.90 | −135.48–29.68 | 0.206 | −7.65 | −18.89–3.59 | 0.180 |
DN × PR 2 | −14.46 | −41.42–12.51 | 0.290 | −80.43 | −163.01–2.15 | 0.056 | −6.65 | −17.89–4.59 | 0.243 |
DN × PR 4 | −3.74 | −30.70–23.23 | 0.784 | −66.46 | −149.04–16.12 | 0.113 | −9.15 | −20.39–2.09 | 0.109 |
DN × PR 6 | −6.63 | −33.59–20.34 | 0.627 | −66.38 | −148.95–16.20 | 0.114 | 0.35 | −10.89–11.59 | 0.951 |
Random Effects | |||||||||
σ2 | 230.44 | 2160.89 | 40.01 | ||||||
τ00 group | 0.83 | 74.14 | 10.12 | ||||||
ICC | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.20 | ||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.747/0.748 | 0.843/0.848 | 0.268/0.416 |
Predictors | Glucose (mg/dL) | ALT (U/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 81.60 | 66.50–96.70 | <0.001 | 43.97 | 42.80–45.15 | <0.001 |
DN | −0.20 | −21.55–21.15 | 0.985 | 0.15 | −1.51–1.81 | 0.858 |
T (pre) | 4.20 | −14.43–22.83 | 0.655 | −0.22 | −1.69–1.24 | 0.761 |
T5 | 12.80 | −5.83–31.43 | 0.176 | 0.18 | −1.29–1.64 | 0.813 |
T15 | 17.00 | −1.63–35.63 | 0.073 | −1.77 | −3.30–−0.25 | 0.023 |
T30 | 34.23 | 16.39–52.07 | <0.001 | −0.97 | −2.44–0.49 | 0.189 |
T (recovery) | 25.80 | 7.17–44.43 | 0.007 | 0.83 | −0.70–2.35 | 0.286 |
PR ½ | 18.40 | −0.23–37.03 | 0.053 | 0.05 | −1.48–1.58 | 0.948 |
PR 1 | 10.80 | −7.83–29.43 | 0.253 | −1.02 | −2.55–0.50 | 0.186 |
PR 2 | 9.20 | −9.43–27.83 | 0.329 | 0.15 | −1.38–1.68 | 0.846 |
PR 4 | 5.00 | −13.63–23.63 | 0.595 | 0.25 | −1.28–1.78 | 0.746 |
PR 6 | −2.00 | −20.63–16.63 | 0.832 | 0.95 | −0.58–2.48 | 0.220 |
DN × T (pre) | −1.20 | −27.55–25.15 | 0.928 | 2.92 | 0.86–4.99 | 0.006 |
DN × T5 | −10.40 | −36.75–15.95 | 0.435 | 2.82 | 0.76–4.89 | 0.008 |
DN × T15 | −9.20 | −35.55–17.15 | 0.490 | 5.60 | 3.44–7.76 | <0.001 |
DN × T30 | −21.30 | −46.53–3.93 | 0.097 | 5.85 | 3.78–7.92 | <0.001 |
DN × T (recovery) | −17.40 | −43.75–8.95 | 0.193 | 0.30 | −1.86–2.46 | 0.783 |
DN × PR ½ | −5.80 | −32.15–20.55 | 0.663 | 1.02 | −1.14–3.19 | 0.349 |
DN × PR 1 | −2.80 | −29.15–23.55 | 0.833 | 1.45 | −0.71–3.61 | 0.186 |
DN × PR 2 | −8.40 | −34.75–17.95 | 0.528 | 1.47 | −0.69–3.64 | 0.178 |
DN × PR 4 | −5.60 | −31.95–20.75 | 0.674 | 1.50 | −0.66–3.66 | 0.171 |
DN × PR 6 | 0.40 | −25.95–26.75 | 0.976 | 0.62 | −1.54–2.79 | 0.567 |
Random Effects | ||||||
σ2 | 219.78 | 1.48 | ||||
τ00 group | 13.75 | 0.05 | ||||
ICC | 0.06 | 0.03 | ||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.272/0.315 | 0.642/0.654 |
Fixed Effects | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.33 | −0.09–0.76 | 0.120 |
DN | 0.00 | −0.60–0.60 | 1.000 |
PR 1 | 1.17 | 0.59–1.74 | <0.001 |
PR 2 | 1.33 | 0.76–1.91 | <0.001 |
PR 3 | 1.33 | 0.76–1.91 | <0.001 |
PR 4 | 1.50 | 0.92–2.08 | <0.001 |
PR 6 | 1.83 | 1.26–2.41 | <0.001 |
DN × PR 1 | −1.00 | −1.82–−0.18 | 0.017 |
DN × PR 2 | −1.00 | −1.82–−0.18 | 0.017 |
DN × PR 3 | −0.83 | −1.65–−0.02 | 0.046 |
DN × PR 4 | −0.33 | −1.15–0.48 | 0.418 |
DN × PR 6 | −0.50 | −1.32–0.32 | 0.226 |
Random Effects | |||
σ2 | 0.25 | ||
τ00 group | 0.00 | ||
ICC | 0.01 | ||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.604/0.609 |
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Helal, I.E.; Al-Abbadi, H.A.; Hashem, M.A.; Abdelrazek, H.M.A.; Shekidef, M.H.; Ahmed, M.F. Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine-Nalbuphine Combination vs. Dexmedetomidine Alone in Donkeys Undergoing Field Castration under Total Intravenous Anesthesia. Animals 2024, 14, 2452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172452
Helal IE, Al-Abbadi HA, Hashem MA, Abdelrazek HMA, Shekidef MH, Ahmed MF. Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine-Nalbuphine Combination vs. Dexmedetomidine Alone in Donkeys Undergoing Field Castration under Total Intravenous Anesthesia. Animals. 2024; 14(17):2452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172452
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelal, Ibrahim E., Hatim A. Al-Abbadi, Mohamed A. Hashem, Heba M. A. Abdelrazek, Mohammed H. Shekidef, and Mahmoud F. Ahmed. 2024. "Analgesic Effect of Dexmedetomidine-Nalbuphine Combination vs. Dexmedetomidine Alone in Donkeys Undergoing Field Castration under Total Intravenous Anesthesia" Animals 14, no. 17: 2452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172452