The Distribution, Diversity, and Control of Dirofilariosis in Brazil: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Distribution of Dirofilaria spp. in Brazil
2.1. Canine Hosts
Region | State | City | Filarial Species | Prevalence | Positives/Total | Diagnostic Method | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | AM | Lábrea | D. immitis | 44.4% | 44/99 | PCR (cox1) | [25] |
AM | Manaus | D. immitis | 3.7% | 28/766 | Thick blood smear | [27] | |
PA | Ilha do Algodoal | D. immitis | 35.8% | 24/67 | Knott’s method and PCR (12S) | [26] | |
PA | Ilha de Marajó | D. immitis | 2.1% | 9/418 | PCR (5.8S-ITS2-28S) | [34] | |
RO | Porto Velho | D. immitis | 12.8% | 93/727 | Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) | [35] | |
AC | Rio Branco | D. immitis | Case Report | 1/1 | Clinical examination, Microscopy, SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories), Echocardiogram | [36] | |
Northeast | BA | Lauro de Freitas | D. immitis | 20.3% | 30/148 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] |
BA | Salvador | D. immitis | 20.0% | 24/120 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] | |
CE | Fortaleza | D. immitis | 1.1% | 26/2400 | Blood smear | [28] | |
PB | Sousa | D. immitis | 33.6% | 48/140 | Knott’s method, Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Republic of Korea), and PCR (COI) | [37] | |
PE | Recife | D. immitis | 36.7% | 22/60 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] | |
PE | Itamaracá | D. immitis | 49.5% | 54/109 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] | |
PE | Recife | D. immitis | 11.5% | 12/104 | Knott’s method | [38] | |
PE | Goiana | D. immitis | 36.3% | 74/204 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [39] | |
PE | São Joaquim de Bicas | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/103 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [39] | |
PE | Garanhuns | D. immitis | 5.5% | 11/201 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [40] | |
PE | Goiana | D. immitis | 32.0% | 32/100 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [41] | |
SE | Aracaju | D. immitis | 3.7% | 14/378 | Knott’s method | [29] | |
RN | Natal | D. immitis | Case report | 1/1 | Skin cytology, histopathology, Knott’s method, Thick smear, PCR | [42] | |
Southeast | RJ | Cabo Frio | D. immitis | 30.1% | 31/103 | Microscopy, SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories), and PCR (COI) | [22] |
RJ | Mangaratiba | D. immitis | 16.3% | 23/141 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] | |
RJ | Niterói | D. immitis | 58.6% | 92/157 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] | |
RJ | Cabo Frio | D. immitis | 27.5% | 11/40 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] | |
RJ | Armação de Búzios | D. immitis | 62.2% | 23/37 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [30] | |
RJ | Rio de Janeiro | D. immitis | 7.0% | 30/428 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [23] | |
RJ | Rio de Janeiro | D. immitis | 21.6% | 44/204 | Microfilariae and antigen detection | [43] | |
RJ | Rio de Janeiro | D. immitis | 5.8% | 6/103 | Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) | [44] | |
RJ | Araruama | D. immitis | 25.0% | 1/4 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Barra de São João | D. immitis | 27.8% | 5/18 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Cabo Frio | D. immitis | 14.6% | 12/82 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Campos | D. immitis | 17.5% | 29/166 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Iguaba Grande | D. immitis | 30.0% | 3/10 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Macaé | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/18 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Maricá | D. immitis | 24.8% | 61/246 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Rio das Ostras | D. immitis | 31.5% | 17/54 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [42] | |
RJ | Saquarema | D. immitis | 9.4% | 3/32 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Cachoeiras de Macacu | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/17 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Metropolitan Region | D. immitis | 15.2% | 14/92 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Itaboraí | D. immitis | 7.1% | 2/28 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Magé | D. immitis | 27.3% | 3/11 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Niterói | D. immitis | 21.1% | 22/104 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Nova Iguaçu | D. immitis | 5.4% | 2/37 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Rio de Janeiro | D. immitis | 20.0% | 2/10 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | São Gonçalo | D. immitis | 15.2% | 14/92 | Direct examination and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [45] | |
RJ | Maricá | D. immitis | 7.5% | 6/80 | Knott’s method | [46] | |
RJ | São Pedro da Aldeia | D. immitis | 43.4% | 23/53 | Knott’s method | [46] | |
RJ | Maricá/Niterói | D. immitis | 24.1% | 33/137 | Knott’s method | [47] | |
RJ | Guapimirim | D. immitis | 1.5% | 20/1372 | Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), ELISA, and Knott’s method | [48] | |
RJ | São João de Meriti | D. immitis | 0.2% | 1/667 | Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), ELISA, and Knott’s method | [48] | |
RJ | Nova Iguaçu | D. immitis | 0.9% | 2/226 | Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), ELISA, and Knott’s method | [48] | |
RJ | Magé | D. immitis | 8.2% | 156/1896 | Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), ELISA, and Knott’s method | [48] | |
RJ | Duque de Caxias | D. immitis | 1.8% | 107/5870 | Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), ELISA, and Knott’s method | [48] | |
RJ | Ilha do Governador | D. immitis | 30.2% | 19/63 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [49] | |
RJ | Araruama | D. immitis | 68.9% | 115/167 | Knott’s method and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [32] | |
RJ | Aldeia Velha | D. immitis | 7.5% | 8/106 | Knott’s method and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [32] | |
RJ | São Vicente | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/60 | Knott’s method and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [32] | |
MG | Igarapé | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/50 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [42] | |
MG | São Joaquim de Bicas | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/50 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [42] | |
MG | Uberlândia | D. immitis | Case Report | 1/1 | Urinalysis, Thick blood smear | [50] | |
SP | Guarujá | D. immitis | 2.8% | 4/142 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [31] | |
SP | Bertioga | D. immitis | 7.6% | 7/92 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [31] | |
South | PR | Parque Nacional Iguaçu | D. immitis | 22% | 11/50 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [5] |
PR | Parque Nacional Iguaçu | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/225 | Knott’s method, Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), and PCR (myoHC and hsp70) | [51] | |
PR | Guaratuba | D. immitis | 24.5% | 12/49 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [31] | |
PR | Guaraqueçaba | D. immitis | 31.8% | 7/22 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [31] | |
PR | Pontal do Paraná | D. immitis | 26.3% | 31/118 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [31] | |
SC | Florianópolis | D. immitis | 2.1% | 3/146 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [31] | |
SC | Araquari | D. immitis | 7.3% | 11/150 | Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [31] | |
SC | Laguna | D. immitis | 4.6% | 11/238 | Knott’s method, Immunochromatography (CHW Ag 2.0 Test Kit, Alere Bionote Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), and PCR (surface antigen gene) | [52] | |
SC | Joinville | D. immitis | 0.7% | 3/429 | Knott’s method and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [53] | |
Central-West | MT | Pantanal—Barão de Melgaço | D. immitis | 7.1% | 6/84 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [33] |
DF | Brasilia | D. immitis | 0.0% | 0/100 | SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) | [42] | |
MS | Campo Grande | D. immitis | Case Report | 1/1 | Knott’s method, SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories) and PCR (12S) | [34] |
2.2. Feline Hosts
2.3. Wildlife Hosts
2.4. Human Hosts
3. Genomic Diversity of Dirofilaria in South America
4. Treatment and Prophylaxis Available in Brazil
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | State | City | Filarial Species | Prevalence | Positives/Total | Diagnostic Method | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southeast | RJ | Rio de Janeiro | D. immitis | 0.9% | 5/556 | SNAP Feline Triple Test (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA) | [24] |
RJ | Rio de Janeiro | D. immitis | 1.2% | 7/586 | SNAP Feline Triple Test (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA) | [54] | |
RJ | Niterói | D. immitis | Case report | 1/1 | PCR (12S and cox1) | [55] | |
RJ | Ilha do Governador | D. immitis | Case report | 1/1 | Blood smear, Knott’s method, SNAP Feline Triple Test (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA) and echocardiogram | [56] | |
RJ | Rio de Janeiro | D. immitis | Case report | 1/1 | Clinical signs, radiography, and necropsy | [57] | |
ES | Alegre | D. immitis | Case report | 1/1 | Morphological | [58] | |
Northeast | RN | Mossoró | D. immitis | Case report | 1/1 | PCR (18s, MyoHC and hsp70) | [59] |
Region | State | City | Animal | Filarial Species | Prevalence | Positives/Total | Diagnostic Method | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South | PR | Parque Nacional Iguaçu | Ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) | D. immitis | 10.7% | 8/75 | Knott’s method, Histochemical, Serology (Witness Dirofilaria, Zoetis®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) | [5] |
PR | Parque Nacional Iguaçu | Ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) | D. repens | 33.3% | 25/75 | Knott’s method, Histochemical | [5] | |
PR | Parque Nacional Iguaçu | Ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) | D. immitis | 1.48% | 2/135 | Knott’s method, Immunochromatography and PCR (myoHC and hsp70) | [51] | |
Southeast | SP | Ubatuba | Brazilian little spotted cat (Leopardus tigrinus) | D. immitis | Case report | 1/1 | Clinical signs, radiography, and necropsy | [61] |
Region | State | City | Patient | Symptoms | Location | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | PA | Belém | M, 16 yo | Yes | Eye | [68] |
Northeast | PB | João Pessoa | F, 65 yo | Yes | Oral cavity | [69] |
Southeast | RJ | Rio de Janeiro | F, 45 yo | Yes | Lung | [70] |
SP | Ribeirão Preto * | M, 67 yo | Yes | Lung | [71] | |
South | PR | Curitiba | F, 50 yo | Yes | Lung | [62] |
SC | Florianópolis | M, 75 yo | No | Lung | [67] | |
SC | Florianópolis | M, 42 yo | No | Lung | [67] | |
SC | Florianópolis | M, 70 yo | Yes | Lung | [67] | |
SC | Florianópolis | M, 55 yo | Yes | Lung | [67] | |
SC | Florianópolis | M, 44 yo | Yes | Lung | [67] | |
SC | Florianópolis | F, 69 yo | Yes | Lung | [67] | |
SC | Florianópolis | F, 63 yo | Yes | Lung | [67] |
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Chocobar, M.L.E.; Schmidt, E.M.d.S.; Weir, W.; Panarese, R. The Distribution, Diversity, and Control of Dirofilariosis in Brazil: A Comprehensive Review. Animals 2024, 14, 2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172462
Chocobar MLE, Schmidt EMdS, Weir W, Panarese R. The Distribution, Diversity, and Control of Dirofilariosis in Brazil: A Comprehensive Review. Animals. 2024; 14(17):2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172462
Chicago/Turabian StyleChocobar, Marianna Laura Elis, Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt, William Weir, and Rossella Panarese. 2024. "The Distribution, Diversity, and Control of Dirofilariosis in Brazil: A Comprehensive Review" Animals 14, no. 17: 2462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172462