Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress and Improve Welfare in Dairy Ruminants
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Relation of Stress and Animal Welfare
1.2. Stress Factors in Ruminants
1.2.1. Transition Period in Dairy Cows
1.2.2. Heat Stress
2. Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress
2.1. Functional Amino Acids
2.1.1. Amino Acid Supplementation during Transition Period in Ruminants
2.1.2. Amino Acid Supplementation to Alleviate Heat Stress in Ruminants
2.2. Fatty Acid Supplementation
2.2.1. Fatty Acid Supplementation during Transition Period Inruminants
2.2.2. Fatty Acid Supplementation to Ameliorate the Effects of Heat Stress in Ruminants
2.3. Feed Additive Supplementation
2.3.1. Feed Additive Supplementation during Transition Period in Ruminants
Minerals
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Essential Oils/Herbs
Phytobiotics
Enzymes
2.3.2. Feed Additives Supplementation during Heat Stress in Ruminants
Minerals
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Essential Oils/Herbs
Phytobiotics
Enzymes
Feed Additives | Observed Effects | Refs. |
---|---|---|
During transition period | ||
Minerals | ||
Na, P, Cu, Co, Zn, Se, I, Mn, Cr, Ca | Improvement of liver function, decrease in inflammation, and oxidative stress. Alleviation of the pathophysiology and incidence of hypocalcemia in transition cows. Improvement of dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and reproductive performance indices. | [147,148,149,150,151,152] |
Probiotics | ||
E. faecium, B. bifidum, L. acidophilus, S. thermophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum, Yeast | Promotion of effective nutrient utilization, increase in dry matter intake, milk yield, milk fat content, alleviation of metabolic stress in transitional dairy cattle. Normal rumination frequency and feces consistency. | [153,154,155,156] |
Prebiotics | ||
Berberine, mannan, B glucan | Enhancement of antioxidant status, reduction of inflammation, improvement of ruminal microflora digestion, alleviation of morbidity, and production losses due to Haemorrhagic Enteritis in transition dairy goats. | [158,159,160] |
Various mixes | Imrovement of the immune response and metabolism in transitional dairy cows. | [22] |
Beta-1, 3-glucan | Improvement of productivity, immunity, antioxidant status, and colostrum quality in periparturient dairy cows. | [157] |
Essential oils/Herbs | ||
EOs (eugenol, menthol, anethol) EOs (oregano, thyme, eucalyptus and garlic) EOs (thymol, eugenol, vanillin, limonene) | Enhancement of milk yield, fat and protein content, and feed efficiency in dairy cows. | [163] |
Modulation of rumen fermentation and improvement of animal health and welfare. | [164] | |
Reduction of dry matter intake; no effects on milk yield in early lactation dairy cows. | [165] | |
Improvement of antioxidant status, rumen parameters, serum metabolites, and weight gain, milk yield, meat and milk quality in small ruminants. | [22,166] | |
Phytobiotics | ||
Poly-herbal formulations (Boswellia and Berginia ciliata) | Reduction of stress, boost of immunity improvement of udder health status of dairy cows during the transition period. | [168] |
Herbal mixture of rosemary, cinnamon bark, turmeric, clove | Improvement of metabolic status, udder health, and performance in dairy cows. | [169] |
Rutin | Positive effects against inflammation, oxidative stress status, and anti-apoptotic activity in the mammary gland of transition sheep | [170] |
Enzymes | ||
Amylolytic, proteolytic β-glucanase, xylanase, and β-mannanase, exogenous enzymes | Improvement of feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in sheep. | [171,172] |
fibrolytic and amylolytic enzymes | Improvement of nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, and ingestive behavior; enhancement of rumen function in sheep. | [173] |
During heat stress | ||
Minerals | ||
Se, Cu, zinc | Reduction of oxidative stress, increase in serum superoxide dismutase, decrease in heat shock protein, metabolic alterations associated with heat stress steers. | [174] |
Se | Increase in glutathione peroxidase, decrease in free radicals, decrease in lipid peroxidation, improvement of mammary gland and immunity, improvement of thermoregulation, and milk yeild. | [50,52] |
NaHCO3, K2Co3, KHCO3 | Improvement of feed intake, milk yield, and insulin sensitivity. | [50] |
Zn, Co, Cr, Se | Improvement of antioxidant status and maintenance of body condition score of heat-stressed ewes. | [176] |
Probiotics | ||
B. subtilis, propionic bacteria | Enhancement of blood metabolites, physiological responses, productive performance, and digestibility in beef bulls. | [180] |
S. cerevisiae and C. butyricum | Improvement of rumen fermentation, increase in rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids, cellulolytic enzyme activity, and growth performance in heat-stressed goats. | [181,182,183] |
Live yeast and yeast cell wall product | Decrease in cortisol concentration and vaginal temperature, increase in drinking water volume in feedlot heifers. | [184] |
Various probiotics | Mitigation of heat stress effects in goats. | [154,179,185,186] |
Prebiotics | ||
Mannan oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides | Positive effects on the intestinal microbiota, gut morphology, and oxidative status, improvement in growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and physiological responses. Stimulation of the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibition of pathogenic microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract, improvement of performance. | [187] |
Essential oils/Herbs | ||
Thyme, fennel, ginger, black seed, Eucalyptus oil | Modification of microbial populations of the intestinal tract, enhancement of barrier integrity, optimization of rumen fermentation, gut health and productivity, weight gain, milk production, and meat quality in both cows and small ruminants | [164,165] |
Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, peppermint, coriander, cumin, lemongrass | Mitigation of the negative effects of heat stress on feed consumption and milk production in dairy cows. Modification of the proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and improvement of growth performance in small ruminants. | [189,190] |
Phytobiotics | ||
Mixture (garlic oil, anise oil, cinnamaldehyde, rosemary, and thyme blend) | Alleviation of the inflammation and oxidation of heat-stressed animals, prevention of irritation and diarrhea, improvement of animal health and production efficiency. | [192,193] |
Cinnamon, turmeric, rosemary, and clove buds | Improvement of growth performance and antioxidant status in heat-stressed lambs. | [194] |
Phytobiotics which exhibit probiotic activity | Improvement of growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and physiological responses in beef bulls under heat stress conditions. | [180] |
Enzymes | ||
Exogenous enzymes from anaerobic bacteria | Increase in plasma parameters, boosting glucose and milk production, enhancing protein and lactose concentration in heat-stressed dairy ewes. | [196] |
Exogenous enzymes | Improvement of feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in ruminants due to their interaction with rumen microbiota in heat-stressed ruminants. | [171,197] |
Fibrolytic, proteolytic, and amylolytic enzymes | Modification of the ratio of propionate to acetate volatile fatty acids in the rumen, increase in milk fat concentration, and production of heat stressed dairy cows. | [198] |
3. Breeding Strategies as a Tool to Maximize Effects of Dietary Interventions
Utilization of Local Breeds
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amino Acid | Observed Effects | Refs. |
---|---|---|
Amino acid supplementation during transition period. | ||
RPM | Enhancement of immunometabolic status, reduction in liver proinflammatory signaling, increase in albumin concentration, neutrophil phagocytosis capacity, proliferative ability of peripheral blood T lymphocytes, and alleviation of hyper response to inflammatory cytokines. | [77,78,79,80,81,82,83] |
RPM + RPC | Enhancement of immune function, elevation of IL-2, CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio, and decrease in the (TNF-α) and IL-6 concentration. | [82] |
RPM + RPL | Decrease in milk somatic cell count and improvement of immunity and health status. | [84] |
RPM | Improvement of blood antioxidant status, increase in plasma ferric-reducing antioxidant power, β-carotene, tocopherol, total and reduced GSH, increasing total antioxidant capacity, GPX activity, vitamin E, and decrease in plasma reactive oxygen metabolites. | [78,80,81] |
RPM | Positive effects on mammary glad antioxidant status and greater mRNA abundance of specific key target genes that regulate tissue’s antioxidant mechanisms. | [81] |
RPM | Increase in liver function biomarkers, reduction in inflammation, and oxidative stress. | [77,79,80] |
RPM, RPM + RPC | Alleviation of oxidative stress and enhancement of plasma glutathione transferase activity of periparturient ewes. | [85] |
RPM, RPM + RPC | Alleviation of oxidative stress and increase in glutathione activity. | [86] |
RPC | Improvement of liver biomarkers and metabolic stress and decrease in NEFA and βHBA levels. | [87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97] |
RPM | Ιmproved follicular structures and increased production and reproduction outcomes in Murrah buffaloes. | [98] |
RPM, RPM + RPC | Increased in GSH, SOD, TAS, decreased LPO, TNF- α, and haptaglobin. Increase in antioxidant status and immune response. | [99] |
RPL, RPM, RPM + RPL | Improved DMI, milk yield and milk production efficiency, energy-corrected milk, and milk chemical composition. Greater peak milk yield, earlier milk peak, and higher fertility efficiency. | [100,101] |
Gln | Increase in cytokine production by immune system cells in peripartum dairy cows. | [103] |
RPGln | Enhancement of liver function, lower aspartate aminotransferase concentration, amelioration of metabolic stress, lower βHBA, and free FAs concentrations. | [104] |
RPGln | Improved antioxidant status of the animals as indicated by the higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and GSH activity. | [105] |
Amino acid supplementation to alleviate heat stress in ruminants. | ||
Lys, Met, Hist | Thermoregulation, decreased rectal temperature, and enhancement of intermediary metabolism in heat-stressed dairy cows. | [106,107] |
Met, Arg (In vitro) | Improvement cell functions of heat-stressed bovine mammary epithelial cells and mammary metabolism. | [108] |
RPM | Maintenance of mTOR homeostasis, insulin signaling, 1-carbon metabolism, and whole-blood antioxidant response of heat-stressed dairy cows. | [109] |
RPM | Decreased mammary cell apoptosis to proliferation ratio, no significant effects on blood immune biomarkers of heat stress-challenged cows | [110] |
RPM | Enhancement of plasma IgG concentration, increased milk protein content, and decreased plasma urea–nitrogen concentration in heat-stressed dairy goats. | [111] |
RPGln | Enhancement of immune function and improvement of cell-mediated immune response of heat-stressed dairy cows. | [112] |
Betaine | Anti-apoptotic properties, increase in cell proliferation, and preservation of gut tissue integrity of dairy cows. | [113] |
Betaine | Thermoregulation, decrease in rectal and skin temperatures, decrease in respiration rates, and plasma NEFA concentrations of heat-stressed sheep. | [114] |
Betaine | Improvement of milk yield and quality of heat-stressed grazing dairy cows. | [115] |
Betaine | Increase in feed intake, rumen fermentation, apparent digestibility, improvement of the antioxidant profile, and serum metabolites of heat-stressed cows. | [116] |
Betaine | Improvement milk fat. Lower rectal temperature, respiration rate, and pulse rate in heat-stressed buffaloes. | [117] |
Amino Acid | Observed Effects | Refs. |
---|---|---|
Fatty acid supplementation during transition period. | ||
EFA, CLA, EFA + CLA | Minor prevention of oxidative stress, enhancement of markers of oxidative stress in plasma, erythrocytes, and liver. | [126] |
EFA + CLA | Milk fat depression, increased energy balance, decreased postpartum plasma NEFA and triglyceride concentration, reduced markers of inflammation, attenuation of hepatic lipid accumulation, and ketosis in early lactation dairy cows. | [127,128] |
ALA | Decrease in ketosis incidence and severe metritis, reduced mortality, and enhancement of fertility performance. | [129] |
Fish oil (EPA and DHA) | Enhancement of milk production and amelioration of inflammatory and antioxidant status. | [130] |
RPCLA (Ca-salts) | No effects of glucose, NEFA, and βHBA in plasma and hepatic content of glycogen and triglycerides concentration of dairy cows, peripartum. | [131] |
Flaxseed | Increase in liver glycogen concentrations and decrease in triglycerides postpartum. | [132] |
Crushed flaxseed | Improvement cows’ metabolic status peripartum, decrease in serum NEFA and βHBA concentration, and increase in glucose concentration. | [133] |
MCSFA | Improvement of immune function and downregulation of serum myeloperoxidase level amyloid A of transition dairy cows. | [134] |
Bypass fat | Higher calf birth weight, reduced calf mortality, retention of placenta, metritis, pyometra, and the service period and number of artificial inseminations per conception in transitional buffaloes. | [135] |
Fatty acid supplementation to alleviate heat stress in ruminants. | ||
Whole flaxseed | Enhancement of immune responses of dairy cows, increase in both milk fat and protein content and milk yield, improvement of milk FA profile and CLA content. | [136,137] |
Ca-CLA | Increase in plasma concentrations of K, Na, Ca, and Cl; decrease in plasma aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase; and increase in thyroxin concentration of heat-stressed cows. | [138] |
Fish oil | Enhancement of n-3 PUFA, EPA, and DHA contents of milk; no effects on immune responses of heat-stressed cows. | [136,137] |
Whole flaxseed | Reduction of the respiration rate and rectal temperatures; increase in cortisol after ACTH challenge, glucose, Na, and Cl concentration; and enhancement of cell-mediated immune responses to phytohemagglutinin and humoral immune responses in sheep. | [139,140,141] |
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Kotsampasi, B.; Karatzia, M.A.; Tsiokos, D.; Chadio, S. Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress and Improve Welfare in Dairy Ruminants. Animals 2024, 14, 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172573
Kotsampasi B, Karatzia MA, Tsiokos D, Chadio S. Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress and Improve Welfare in Dairy Ruminants. Animals. 2024; 14(17):2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172573
Chicago/Turabian StyleKotsampasi, Basiliki, Maria Anastasia Karatzia, Dimitrios Tsiokos, and Stella Chadio. 2024. "Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress and Improve Welfare in Dairy Ruminants" Animals 14, no. 17: 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172573