Exploring the Interplay between Stress Perception and Approach-Avoidance Achievement Goal Orientation among Rural Students in College: A Longitudinal Study in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis of Stress Perception and Achievement Goal Orientation
3.2. Cross-Lagged Analysis between Stress Perception and Achievement Goal Orientation
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Definitions | Mean | S.D. |
---|---|---|---|
Age | Measured in years | 21.738 | 0.992 |
Gender | Male = 1, female = 0 | 0.619 | 0.486 |
Personality | Please rate your level of extroversion: 1 (introversion) to 9 (extroversion) | 5.343 | 1.582 |
Family social status | Upper class = 1, upper-middle class = 2, middle class = 3, lower-middle class = 4, lower class = 5 | 3.655 | 0.863 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Stress perception (T1) | 1.000 | |||||
2. Approach goals (T1) | 0.027 | 1.000 | ||||
3. Avoidance goals (T1) | 0.211 * | 0.306 * | 1.000 | |||
4. Stress perception (T2) | 0.589 * | 0.004 | 0.205 * | 1.000 | ||
5. Approach goals (T2) | 0.082 | 0.575 * | 0.141 * | 0.073 | 1.000 | |
6. Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.242 * | 0.152 * | 0.422 * | 0.314 * | 0.343 * | 1.000 |
Mean | 12.114 | 20.897 | 17.720 | 11.544 | 20.910 | 17.869 |
Standard deviation | 7.170 | 4.862 | 4.351 | 7.205 | 4.607 | 4.198 |
Model | χ2 | df | RMSEA (90% CI) | SRMR | CFI | TLI | Comparison | ∆X2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 192.319 | 50 | 0.072 (0.062–0.083) | 0.033 | 0.964 | 0.953 | <0.05 | ||
Model 2 | 192.108 | 49 | 0.073 (0.063–0.084) | 0.033 | 0.964 | 0.952 | M1–M2 | 0.211 | <0.05 |
Model 3 | 188.863 | 49 | 0.073 (0.062–0.084) | 0.029 | 0.965 | 0.953 | M1–M3 | 3.456 | <0.05 |
Model 4 | 188.664 | 48 | 0.074 (0.063–0.085) | 0.028 | 0.965 | 0.952 | M1–M4 | 3.655 | <0.05 |
Model 5 | 227.716 | 80 | 0.058 (0.050–0.067) | 0.025 | 0.964 | 0.948 | M1–M5 | −35.397 | <0.05 |
Model | Autoregressive Path | β | Cross-Lagged Path | β |
---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.649 * | ||
Approach goals (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.663 * | |||
M2 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.650 * | Approach goals (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | −0.018 |
Approach goals (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.662 * | |||
M3 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.651 * | Stress perception (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.075 |
Approach goals (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.660 * | |||
M4 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.652 * | Approach goals (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | −0.018 |
Approach goals (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.659 * | Stress perception (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.075 | |
M5 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.638 * | Approach goals (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | −0.009 |
Approach goals (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.656 * | Stress perception (T1) → Approach goals (T2) | 0.065 |
Model | χ2 | df | RMSEA (90% CI) | SRMR | CFI | TLI | Comparison | ∆X2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 191.084 | 50 | 0.072 (0.061–0.083) | 0.052 | 0.955 | 0.941 | <0.05 | ||
Model 2 | 185.537 | 49 | 0.072 (0.061–0.083) | 0.046 | 0.957 | 0.942 | M1–M2 | 5.547 | <0.05 |
Model 3 | 181.536 | 49 | 0.071 (0.060–0.082) | 0.040 | 0.958 | 0.943 | M1–M3 | 9.548 | <0.05 |
Model 4 | 176.636 | 48 | 0.070 (0.059–0.082) | 0.035 | 0.959 | 0.944 | M1–M4 | 14.448 | <0.05 |
Model 5 | 231.406 | 80 | 0.059 (0.050–0.068) | 0.033 | 0.953 | 0.933 | M1–M5 | −40.322 | <0.05 |
Model | Autoregressive Path | β | Cross-Lagged Path | β |
---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.641 * | ||
Avoidance goals (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.526 * | |||
M2 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.610 * | Avoidance goals (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.104 * |
Avoidance goals (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.543 * | |||
M3 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.654 * | Stress perception (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.155 * |
Avoidance goals (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.475 * | |||
M4 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.628 * | Avoidance goals (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.097 * |
Avoidance goals (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.495 * | Stress perception (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.149 * | |
M5 | Stress perception (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.614 * | Avoidance goals (T1) → Stress perception (T2) | 0.096 * |
Avoidance goals (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.492 * | Stress perception (T1) → Avoidance goals (T2) | 0.119 * |
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Luo, Y.; Gao, W.; Liu, X. Exploring the Interplay between Stress Perception and Approach-Avoidance Achievement Goal Orientation among Rural Students in College: A Longitudinal Study in China. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090774
Luo Y, Gao W, Liu X. Exploring the Interplay between Stress Perception and Approach-Avoidance Achievement Goal Orientation among Rural Students in College: A Longitudinal Study in China. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(9):774. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090774
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Yunfeng, Wenjuan Gao, and Xinqiao Liu. 2024. "Exploring the Interplay between Stress Perception and Approach-Avoidance Achievement Goal Orientation among Rural Students in College: A Longitudinal Study in China" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 9: 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090774