Online and Offline Aggressive Behaviors in Adolescence: The Role of Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Online and Offline Aggressions in Adolescence: Individual and Behavioral Factors
1.2. The Moderating Role of Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy Beliefs
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Background Characteristics
2.2.2. Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy
2.2.3. Impulsivity
2.2.4. Online and Offline Aggressive Behaviors
2.3. Statistical Approach
3. Results
3.1. Mediation–Moderation Model in the Full Sample
3.2. Mediation–Moderation Models in Adolescent Boys and Girls
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (1) | - | |||||||
Sexual orientation (2) | 0.00 | - | ||||||
Years of instruction (3) | 0.31 *** | 0.08 | - | |||||
Socioeconomic status (4) | −0.13 * | −0.05 | −0.07 | - | ||||
Impulsivity T1 (5) | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | −0.00 | - | |||
Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy (6) | 0.04 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.31 *** | - | ||
Offline Aggression T2 (7) | −0.16 ** | −0.01 | −0.19 *** | 0.02 | 0.20 *** | −0.32 *** | - | |
Online Aggression T2 (8) | −0.04 | −0.06 | −0.08 | −0.03 | 0.29 *** | −0.43 *** | −0.37 *** | - |
Alpha | - | - | - | - | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.91 | 0.80 |
Omega | - | - | - | - | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 0.81 |
Total Sample (n = 318) | Boys (n = 182) | Girls (n = 128) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age | 15.21 | 0.51 | 15.2 | 0.52 | 15.1 | 0.48 |
Socioeconomic status | 0.00 | 1.00 | −0.078 | 0.99 | 0.099 | 1.00 |
Impulsivity T1 | 2.27 | 0.72 | 2.21 | 0.67 | 2.35 | 0.77 |
Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy | 4.09 | 0.82 | 4.09 | 0.85 | 4.15 | 0.72 |
Offline Aggression T2 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.61 |
Online Aggression T2 | 1.28 | 0.52 | 1.33 | 0.59 | 1.20 | 0.38 |
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Model Comparison | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | Df | Scal. Corr. | CFI | RMSEA | χ2 Diff | Δ Df | Δ CFI | Δ RMSEA | ||
Full sample (n = 318) | 358.21 * | 295 | 0.97 | 0.03 [0.01–0.03] | ||||||
Model boys (n = 182) | 400.37 *** | 295 | 0.93 | 0.04 [0.03–0.05] | ||||||
Model girls (n = 128) | 347.69 n.s. | 295 | 0.95 | 0.04 [0.02–0.05] | ||||||
Model 1. Free parameters | 872.14 *** | 628 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 0.05 [0.04–0.06] | |||||
Model 2. Full constrained | 912.12 *** | 657 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 0.05 [0.04–0.06] | 2 vs. 1 | 39.25 * | 25 | −0.01 | 0.00 |
Model 3. Partial constrained a | 902.63 *** | 654 | 1.07 | 0.91 | 0.05 [0.04–0.06] | 3 vs. 1 | 31.17 | 26 | −0.01 | 0.00 |
Model | Dependent Variable | Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est. | SE | Est. | SE | Est. | SE | ||
Full sample Model | Online Agg | 0.308 *** | 0.074 | 0.158 * | 0.076 | 0.149 *** | 0.044 |
Offline Agg | 0.226 ** | 0.069 | 0.089 | 0.067 | 0.137 *** | 0.038 | |
Boys Model | Online Agg | 0.340 ** | 0.101 | 0.146 | 0.107 | 0.194 ** | 0.061 |
Offline Agg | 0.299 *** | 0.088 | 0.184 * | 0.091 | 0.115 * | 0.048 | |
Girls Model | Online Agg | 0.437 *** | 0.120 | 0.373 ** | 0.131 | 0.064 | 0.056 |
Offline Agg | 0.150 | 0.144 | 0.017 | 0.111 | 0.133 * | 0.061 | |
Multi-group Final Model | Online Agg | 0.207 * (484 ***) | 0.105 (0.085) | 0.115 (0.268 *) | 0.072 (0.107) | 0.092 (0.216 ***) | 0.051 (0.066) |
Offline Agg | 0.205 ** (0.247 ***) | 0.072 (0.073) | 0.073 (0.088) | 0.065 (0.074) | 0.131 *** (0.158 ***) | 0.041 (0.046) |
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Favini, A.; Lunetti, C.; Virzì, A.T.; Cannito, L.; Culcasi, F.; Quarto, T.; Palladino, P. Online and Offline Aggressive Behaviors in Adolescence: The Role of Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy Beliefs. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090776
Favini A, Lunetti C, Virzì AT, Cannito L, Culcasi F, Quarto T, Palladino P. Online and Offline Aggressive Behaviors in Adolescence: The Role of Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy Beliefs. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(9):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090776
Chicago/Turabian StyleFavini, Ainzara, Carolina Lunetti, Alessia Teresa Virzì, Loreta Cannito, Flavia Culcasi, Tiziana Quarto, and Paola Palladino. 2024. "Online and Offline Aggressive Behaviors in Adolescence: The Role of Self-Regulatory Self-Efficacy Beliefs" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 9: 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090776