Effects of Land-Use Intensity on Functional Community Composition and Nutrient Dynamics in Grassland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Grassland-Use Intensity and Consequences for Plant Functional Community Structure and Aboveground Decomposition
1.2. Grassland-Use Intensity and Consequences for Soil Processes
- Plant diversity declines with increasing land-use intensity and plant communities shift towards exploitative, fast-growing species with high leaf nitrogen and SLA and low leaf dry matter content (LDMC).
- Soil respiration, and with it belowground decomposition, is directly increased by increased land-use intensity (Figure 1).
- Aboveground decomposition will be accelerated by increased land-use intensity (Figure 1).
- Most of the variation in above-ground decomposition derives from shifts in the plant community composition and belowground processes compared to land-use intensity and mowing directly (Figure 1).
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Study Site
2.2. Plant Community Composition and Functional Trait Structure
2.3. Belowground Decomposition
Species | LDMC [mg g−1] | SLA [mm2g−1] | Root N [%] | Leaf N [%] | Height [m] | Seedmass [mg] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achillea millefolium | 184.10 | 21.35 | 1.21 | 2.37 | 0.396 | 0.124 |
Agrostis stolonifera | 273.28 | 32.63 | 0.62 | 3.01 | 0.755 | 0.041 |
Alopecurus pratensis | 259.33 | 26.04 | 0.95 | 1.86 | 0.450 | 0.663 |
Anthoxanthum odoratum | 273.17 | 26.69 | 0.92 | 2.00 | 0.165 | 0.629 |
Arrhenatherum elatius | 288.51 | 30.10 | 0.86 ** | 4.50 | 1.275 | 3.079 |
Bellis perennis | 113.50 | 27.08 | 0.91 | 2.89 | 0.055 | 0.160 |
Cerastium fontanum | 174.80 | 36.04 | NA | NA | 0.150 | 0.096 |
Crepis biennis | 132.50 | 31.23 | 1.02 | 1.78 | 0.575 | 1.347 |
Cynosurus cristatus | 248.25 | 24.33 | 0.88 | 2.29 | 0.547 | 0.548 |
Dactylis glomerata | 243.33 | 25.83 | 0.71 | 3.83 | 0.454 | 0.736 |
Festuca arundinacea | 234.00 | 18.40 | 0.86 ** | 2.25 | 0.600 | 1.664 |
Festuca pratensis | 273.71 | 24.15 | 0.86 ** | 2.85 * | 0.550 | 1.948 |
Festuca rubra | 267.00 | 22.30 | 0.80 | 3.45 | 0.483 | 0.878 |
Galium mollugo | 167.98 | 23.98 | 1.19 | 2.37 | 0.500 | 0.737 |
Geranium pratense | 237.50 | 21.18 | 1.15 | 2.00 | 0.408 | 7.613 |
Holcus lanatus | 241.15 | 37.48 | 0.81 | 2.26 | 0.325 | 0.398 |
Knautia arvensis | 183.67 | 18.52 | 0.91 | 2.14 | 0.433 | 3.564 |
Leucanthemum vulgare | 129.67 | 18.97 | 0.69 | NA | 0.364 | 0.369 |
Lolium multiflorum | 265.00 | 25.75 | NA | NA | 0.325 | 2.909 |
Lolium perenne | 221.22 | 25.28 | 0.86 | 2.75 | 0.125 | 2.023 |
Lotus corniculatus | 166.67 | 23.81 | 2.06 | 3.72 | 0.429 | 1.403 |
Phleum pratense | 264.75 | 26.93 | 0.80 | 2.73 | 0.371 | 0.588 |
Plantago lanceolata | 140.15 | 21.97 | 1.05 | 2.04 | 0.161 | 1.617 |
Poa pratensis | 308.27 | 22.16 | 1.00 | 3.45 | 0.300 | 0.273 |
Poa trivialis | 175.00 | 33.14 | 1.06 | 3.25 | 0.153 | 0.165 |
Ranunculus acris | 192.20 | 22.74 | 1.19 | 2.51 | 0.258 | 1.713 |
Ranunculus repens | 177.81 | 27.48 | 1.00 | 2.18 | 0.242 | 1.870 |
Rumex acetosa | 98.50 | 33.10 | 0.92 | 3.17 | 0.505 | 0.929 |
Trifolium pratense | 218.18 | 23.01 | 2.29 | 3.81 | 0.283 | 1.581 |
Trifolium repens | 186.13 | 33.25 | 2.68 | 4.16 | 0.350 | 0.613 |
Trisetum flavescens | 307.67 | 20.53 | 0.86 ** | 4.25 | 0.550 | 0.303 |
Vicia sepium | 186.00 | 39.73 | 2.73 | 4.39 | 0.47 | 23.38 |
2.4. Soil Respiration
2.5. Supply Rates of Micro- and Macronutrients
2.6. Aboveground Decomposition
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plant Community Composition
3.2. Influence of Land-Use Intensity on Soil Nutrients, Respiration and Belowground Decomposition
3.3. Influence of Land-Use Intensity and Community Patterns on Decomposition
4. Discussion
4.1. Land-Use Intensification Decreases Diversity
4.2. Belowground Processes Are Relatively Stable towards Land-Use Intensity
4.3. High Land-Use Intensity Accelerates Aboveground Litter Decomposition, Driven Mostly by Frequent Cutting
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cut Year−1 | N kg ha−1 Year−1 | LUI |
---|---|---|
2 | 0 | 0.67 |
3 | 0 | 1.00 |
4 | 0 | 1.33 |
2 | 60 | 1.33 |
3 | 90 | 2.00 |
4 | 120 | 2.67 |
2 | 120 | 2.00 |
3 | 180 | 3.00 |
4 | 240 | 4.00 |
Estimate | S.E. | F/Chi-sq. (d.f.) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Species richness (R2: 0.35/0.78) | ||||
Intercept | 25.455 | 1.306 | - | - |
LUI | −5.593 | 1.000 | 31.27 (1, 106) | 1.778 × 10−7 *** |
LUI2 | 0.606 | 0.215 | 7.94 (1, 105) | 0.0058 ** |
Functional diversity (R2: 0.30/0.85) | ||||
Intercept | 2.057 | 0.074 | - | - |
LUI | −0.322 | 0.049 | 44.00 (1, 105) | 1.465 × 10−9 *** |
LUI2 | 0.037 | 0.010 | 12.58 (1, 105) | 0.0005 *** |
CWM LDMC (R2: 0.30/0.86) | ||||
Intercept | 189.596 | 5.230 | - | - |
LUI | 31.240 | 3.365 | 86.21 (1, 105) | 2.441 × 10−15 *** |
LUI2 | −4.607 | 0.723 | 40.58 (1, 105) | 5.098 × 10−9 *** |
CWM SLA (R2: 0.08/0.57) | ||||
Intercept | 27.578 | 0.236 | - | - |
LUI | −0.285 | 0.070 | 16.66 (1, 112) | 8.428 × 10−5 *** |
LUI2 | - | - | 0.59 (1, 106) | 0.4447 |
CWM Leaf N (R2: 0.06/0.70) | ||||
Intercept | 2.817 | 0.060 | - | - |
LUI | 0.154 | 0.045 | 11.64 (1, 102) | 0.0009264 *** |
LUI2 | −0.039 | 0.010 | 15.87 (1, 102) | 0.0001 *** |
CWM Root N (R2: 0.54/0.84) | ||||
Intercept | 1.414 | 0.039 | - | - |
LUI | −0.277 | 0.030 | 82.83 (1, 102) | 7.779 × 10−15 *** |
LUI2 | 0.034 | 0.007 | 27.21 (1, 102) | 9.585 × 10−7 *** |
Percentage legumes (GLMER, Chi-sq. test) (R2: 0.49, 0.61) | ||||
Intercept | 0.305 | 0.320 | - | - |
LUI | −2.0149 | 0.145 | 396.29 (1) | 2.2 × 10−16 *** |
LUI2 | - | - | 1.867 (1) | 0.1718 |
Percentage herbs (GLMER, Chi-sq. test) (R2: 0.09, 0.28) | ||||
Intercept | 1.288 | 0.287 | - | - |
LUI | −1.312 | 0.154 | 238.38 (1) | 2.2 × 10−16 *** |
LUI2 | 0.156 | 0.032 | 23.38 (1) | 1.332 × 10−6 *** |
Estimate | S.E. | F (d.f.) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
S (R2: 0.04/0.69) | ||||
Intercept | 0.431 | 0.007 | - | - |
LUI | - | - | 0.41 (1, 32) | 0.5254 |
LUI2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | - | - |
Patch (herb) | 0.018 | 0.005 | - | - |
LUI: Patch (herb) | - | - | 0.02 (1, 93) | 0.8958 |
LUI2: Patch (herb) | −0.003 | 0.001 | 13.10 (1, 93) | 0.0005 *** |
k (R2: 0/0.33) | ||||
Intercept | 1.123 × 10−2 | 4.376 × 10−4 | - | - |
LUI | - | - | 1.96 (1, 33) | 0.1704 |
LUI2 | - | - | 0.01 (1, 32) | 0.9221 |
Patch (herb) | - | - | 0.01 (1, 29) | 0.9087 |
LUI: Patch (herb) | - | - | 2.32 (1, 28) | 0.1392 |
LUI2: Patch (herb) | - | - | 0.02 (1, 26) | 0.8903 |
Soil respiration (log-transformed) (R2: 0/0.08) | ||||
Intercept | 0.84248 | 0.08723 | - | - |
LUI | - | - | 0.01 (1, 117) | 0.9255 |
LUI2 | - | - | 0.11 (1, 113) | 0.7454 |
Estimate | S.E. | F (d.f.) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage loss (R2: 0.29/0.50) | ||||
Intercept | 37.482 | 3.171 | - | - |
LUI | - | - | 0.00 (1, 27) | 0.9963 |
LUI2 | 0.891 | 0.322 | 7.68 (1, 39) | 0.0086 ** |
Mesh (5 mm) | 12.915 | 2.246 | 33.05 (1, 90) | 1.201 × 10−7 *** |
Litter type (green) | 10.150 | 2.287 | 19.70 (1, 97) | 2.385 × 10−5 *** |
LUI: Mesh | - | - | 0.18 (1, 93) | 0.6734 |
LUI: Litter type | - | - | 0.11 (1, 97) | 0.7361 |
LUI2: Mesh | - | - | 0.33 (1, 95) | 0.5658 |
LUI2: Litter type | - | - | 0.09 (1, 100) | 0.7635 |
Percentage loss (R2: 0.50/0.54) | ||||
Intercept | −53.499 | 22.973 | - | - |
Cut | 57.768 | 16.433 | 12.34 (1, 40) | 0.0011 ** |
Cut2 | −8.031 | 2.737 | 8.61 (1, 41) | 0.0055 ** |
Mesh (5 mm) | 12.793 | 2.218 | 33.26 (1, 94) | 1.028 × 10−7 *** |
Litter type (green) | 9.925 | 2.241 | 19.61 (1, 102) | 2.387 × 10−5 *** |
Cut: Mesh | - | - | 0.92 (1, 93) | 0.3409 |
Cut: Litter type | - | - | 0.21 (1, 106) | 0.6454 |
Cut2: Mesh | - | - | 1.38 (1, 94) | 0.2423 |
Cut2: Litter type | - | - | 0.37 (1, 101) | 0.5455 |
Percentage loss (R2: 0.37/0.52) | ||||
Intercept | 48.754 | 10.398 | - | - |
Species richness | 0.978 | 0.398 | 6.04 (1, 36) | 0.0190 * |
Funct. div. (FDisLEDA) | −14.854 | 4.930 | 9.08 (1, 24) | 0.0060 ** |
Mesh (5 mm) | 13.058 | 2.267 | 33.19 (1, 88) | 1.197 × 10−7 *** |
Litter type (green) | 10.062 | 2.311 | 18.96 (1, 96) | 3.350 × 10−5 *** |
CWM Leaf N | - | - | 0.36 (1, 35) | 0.5522 |
CWM Root N | - | - | 0.88 (1, 36) | 0.3545 |
CWM LDMC | - | - | 0.04 (1, 30) | 0.8411 |
CWM SLA | - | - | 2.45 (1, 37) | 0.1263 |
Species numb.: Mesh | - | - | 0.01 (1, 91) | 0.9336 |
Species numb.: Litter type | - | - | 2.11 (1, 89) | 0.1496 |
Funct. div.: Mesh | - | - | 0.19 (1, 92) | 0.6637 |
Funct. div.: Litter type | - | - | 0.52 (1, 92) | 0.4725 |
CWM Leaf N: Mesh | - | - | 0.20 (1, 88) | 0.6565 |
CWM Leaf N: Litter type | - | - | 0.09 (1, 99) | 0.7634 |
CWM Root N: Mesh | - | - | 1.52 (1, 91) | 0.2201 |
CWM Root N: Litter type | - | - | 0.02 (1, 94) | 0.8889 |
CWM LDMC: Mesh | - | - | 2.44 (1, 85) | 0.1218 |
CWM LDMC: Litter type | - | - | 0.22 (1, 90) | 0.6384 |
CWM SLA: Mesh | - | - | 2.08 (1, 89) | 0.1532 |
CWM SLA: Litter type | - | - | 0.67 (1, 91) | 0.4153 |
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Walter, J.; Thumm, U.; Buchmann, C.M. Effects of Land-Use Intensity on Functional Community Composition and Nutrient Dynamics in Grassland. Environments 2024, 11, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080173
Walter J, Thumm U, Buchmann CM. Effects of Land-Use Intensity on Functional Community Composition and Nutrient Dynamics in Grassland. Environments. 2024; 11(8):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080173
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalter, Julia, Ulrich Thumm, and Carsten M. Buchmann. 2024. "Effects of Land-Use Intensity on Functional Community Composition and Nutrient Dynamics in Grassland" Environments 11, no. 8: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080173