Effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Decline in Insect Species and Individual Numbers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pesticides Usage and Distribution in Agricultural Production
3. Global Pesticide Usage per Agricultural Value
4. Persistence of Residues and Their Bioavailability
5. Impact of Pesticide Application on Insects’ Biodiversity
5.1. Direct Effect
5.1.1. Lepidoptera
5.1.2. Hymenoptera
5.1.3. Diptera
5.1.4. Coleoptera
5.1.5. Hemiptera
5.1.6. Orthoptera
5.1.7. Odonata
5.2. Indirect Effects
5.2.1. Herbicides’ Indirect Effects
5.2.2. Insecticides’ Indirect Effects
Poisoning of Non-Target Insects
Pathogens in Insect Pollinators
6. Ban on Harmful Pesticides and Alternative Techniques for Agricultural Production
7. Insect Biodiversity Decline and Its Contributing Factors
8. Sustainable Management Strategies to Safeguard Insect Biodiversity Declines
8.1. Organic Agriculture and Integrated Pest Management Strategies
8.2. Sustainable Farming Practices
8.3. Crop Heterogeneity
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herbicides | Fungicides | Insecticides | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | 30 | 50 | 30 | 10 |
America | 60 | 10 | 20 | 10 |
Asia | 40 | 30 | 40 | 10 |
Europe | 39 | 45 | 10 | 15 |
Oceania | 60 | 10 | 20 | 5 |
Insect Taxon | Declining (%) | Threatened (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Coleoptera | 49 | 34 | [52] |
Diptera | 25 | 0.7 | [53] |
Ephemeroptera | 37 | 27 | [54] |
Hemiptera | 8 | n.a | [55] |
Hymenoptera | 46 | 44 | [56] |
Lepidoptera | 53 | 34 | [16] |
Odonata | 37 | 13 | [57] |
Orthoptera | 49 | n.a | [58] |
Plecoptera | 35 | 29 | [59] |
Trichoptera | 68 | 63 | [53] |
Taxon | Abundance | Decline | Location | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hymenoptera | ||||
Bumble bees | 18 species | 7 species | England | [66] |
Bumble bees | 14 species | 8 species | Canada | [64] |
Bumble bees | 60 species | 48 species | Central Europe | [67] |
Honey bees | 6 m colonies | 3.5 m colonies | USA | [68] |
Wild bees | 52% population | Britain | [69] | |
Wild bees | 67% population | Netherlands | [70] | |
Wild bees | 32% population | North America | [68] | |
Cuckoo wasps | 23% population | Finland | [70] | |
Stingless bees | 30 species | 11 species | USA | [71] |
Orchid bees | 24 species | 64% species | Brazil | [68] |
Parasitic wasps | 48 species | 23% species | Finland | [70] |
Coleoptera | ||||
Ground beetles | 419 species | 34% species | Belgium, Denmark | [72] |
Ground beetles | 49 species | 16% species | UK | [51] |
Ladybird beetles | 68% species | USA | [72] | |
Dung beetles | 31% population | Italy | [73] | |
Saproxylic beetles | 436 species | 57% species | Europe | [70] |
Odonata | ||||
Dragonflies | 52 species | 65% population | USA | [71] |
Odonata species | 200 species | 57 species | Japan | [72] |
Odonata species | 155 species | 13 species | South Africa | [73] |
Plecoptera | ||||
Stoneflies | 14 species | 5 species | Czech Republic | [74] |
Stoneflies | 77 species | 29% species | USA | [75] |
Ephemeroptera | ||||
Mayflies | 107 species | 43% species | Czech Republic | [76] |
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Quandahor, P.; Kim, L.; Kim, M.; Lee, K.; Kusi, F.; Jeong, I.-h. Effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Decline in Insect Species and Individual Numbers. Environments 2024, 11, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080182
Quandahor P, Kim L, Kim M, Lee K, Kusi F, Jeong I-h. Effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Decline in Insect Species and Individual Numbers. Environments. 2024; 11(8):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080182
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuandahor, Peter, Leesun Kim, Minju Kim, Keunpyo Lee, Francis Kusi, and In-hong Jeong. 2024. "Effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Decline in Insect Species and Individual Numbers" Environments 11, no. 8: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080182