Characterizing Black Carbon Emissions from Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Vehicle Selection and Driving Modes
2.2. Measurement Method and Calculation Formula for Emission Estimation
2.3. Calculation of a Absorption Ångström Exponent (AAE)
3. Results
3.1. BC Emission by Fuel Types According to NIER and Regulation Mode
3.2. BC Emission According to Engine Characteristics and Tightening of Regulations
3.3. Characteristics of BC Emissions by Emission Source
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Vehicle | Type | Displacement (cc) | Fuel | After-Treatment | Engine and Regulation | Mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GbGDI#1 | Passenger | 1600 | Gasoline | TWC | GDI (a) | NIER |
2 | GaGDI#2 | Passenger | 3000 | Gasoline | TWC | GDI (b) | NIER |
3 | GaGDI#3 | Passenger | 1600 | Gasoline | TWC | GDI (b) | NIER |
4 | GMPI#4 | Passenger | 2000 | Gasoline | TWC | MPI | NIER |
5 | L#1 | Passenger | 1600 | LPG | TWC | LPI | NIER |
6 | L#2 | Passenger | 3000 | LPG | TWC | LPI | NIER |
7 | L#3 | Passenger | 1600 | LPG | TWC | LPI | NIER |
8 | DE3#1 | SUV | 1991 | Diesel | DOC | EURO 3 | NIER |
9 | DE5#2 | Passenger | 1600 | Diesel | DOC, DPF | EURO 5 | NIER |
10 | DE6#3 | Passenger | 2200 | Diesel | DOC, DPF, LNT | EURO 6 | NIER |
11 | DE6#4 | Passenger | 1600 | Diesel | DOC, DPF, LNT | EURO 6 | NIER |
12 | GbGDI#5 | Passenger | 1600 | Gasoline | TWC | GDI (a) | CVS-75 |
13 | GaGDI#6 | Passenger | 1600 | Gasoline | TWC | GDI (b) | CVS-75 |
14 | GMPI#7 | Passenger | 2000 | Gasoline | TWC | MPI (c) | CVS-75 |
15 | GMPI#8 | Passenger | 2000 | Gasoline | TWC | MPI (d) | CVS-75 |
16 | L#4 | Passenger | 2000 | LPG | TWC | LPI | CVS-75 |
17 | DE3#5 | SUV | 2000 | Diesel | DOC | EURO 3 | CVS-75 |
18 | DE4#6 | SUV | 2000 | Diesel | DOC, DPF | EURO 4 | NEDC |
19 | DE5#7 | SUV | 2000 | Diesel | DOC, DPF | EURO 5 | NEDC |
20 | DE6#8 | Van | 2400 | Diesel | DOC, DPF, SCR | EURO 6 | NEDC |
(Unit: mg km−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuel | NIER-01 | NIER-05 | NIER-09 | NIER-12 | NIER-14 |
Gasoline | 0.27 ± 0.14 | 0.08 ± 0.028 | 0.037 ± 0.016 | 0.032 ± 0.016 | 0.035 ± 0.0022 |
LPG | 0.0054 ± 0.003 | 0.0021 ± 0.0023 | 0.0006 ± 0.0002 | 0.0004 ± 0.00001 | 0.0014 ± 0.0001 |
Diesel | 0.0007 ± 0.0001 | 0.0005 ± 0.0003 | 0.00023 ± 0.00007 | 0.0002 ± 0.00008 | 0.0002 ± 0.00005 |
(Unit: mg km−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mode | Fuel | Phase | BC |
CVS-75 | Gasoline | Phase 1 | 0.3 ± 0.014 |
Phase 2 | 0.15 ± 0.011 | ||
Phase 3 | 0.093 ± 0.0004 | ||
All Phase | 0.16 ± 0.003 | ||
LPG (a) | Phase 1 | 0.014 | |
Phase 2 | 0.0033 | ||
Phase 3 | 0.014 | ||
All Phase | 0.0009 | ||
NEDC | Diesel | Phase 1 | 0.04 ± 0.0005 |
Phase 2 | 0.047 ± 0.001 | ||
All Phase | 0.045 ± 0.001 |
(Unit: mg km−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Avg. Speed (km h−1) | GDI (Before PM Reg.) | GDI (After PM Reg.) | MPI |
NIER-01 | 4.7 | 1.03 ± 0.56 | 0.2 ± 0.083 | 0.0036 ± 0.0008 |
NIER-05 | 17.3 | 0.53 ± 0.25 | 0.081 ± 0.0004 | 0.0016 ± 0.0003 |
NIER-09 | 34.1 | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 0.038 ± 0.002 | 0.0016 ± 0.0006 |
NIER-12 | 65.4 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.045 ± 0.019 | 0.0014 ± 0.0007 |
NIER-14 | 97.3 | 0.64 ± 0.21 | 0.053 ± 0.026 | 0.0018 ± 0.0008 |
(Unit: mg km−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Vehicle | Phase | PM | BC |
CVS-75 | GbGDI#5 | Phase 1 | 8.38 ± 1.34 | 0.49 ± 0.096 |
Phase 2 | 0.41 ± 0.001 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | ||
Phase 3 | 7.77 ± 1.83 | 0.50 ± 0.023 | ||
All Phase | 4.5 ± 0.028 | 0.44 ± 0.018 | ||
GaGDI#6 | Phase 1 | 4.51 ± 1.3 | 0.3 ± 0.014 | |
Phase 2 | 1.42 ± 0.31 | 0.15 ± 0.011 | ||
Phase 3 | 1.64 ± 0.82 | 0.093 ± 0.0004 | ||
All Phase | 2.33 ± 0.72 | 0.16 ± 0.003 | ||
GMPI#7 | Phase 1 | 2.55 ± 0.49 | 0.15 ± 0.079 | |
Phase 2 | 0.31 ± 0.10 | 0.045 ± 0.006 | ||
Phase 3 | 0.63 ± 0.33 | 0.069 ± 0.02 | ||
All Phase | 0.95 ± 0.27 | 0.072 ± 0.025 | ||
GMPI#8 | Phase 1 | 0.11 ± 0.037 | 0.14 ± 0.013 | |
Phase 2 | 0.034 ± 0.034 | 0.018 ± 0.005 | ||
Phase 3 | 0.074 ± 0.00002 | 0.07 ± 0.012 | ||
All Phase | 0.067 ± 0.028 | 0.058 ± 0.009 |
(Unit: mg km−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Avg. Speed (km h−1) | EURO 3 (DOC) | EURO 5 (DOC, DPF) | EURO 6 (DOC, DPF, LNT) |
NIER-01 | 4.7 | 24.54 ± 5.20 | 0.0019 ± 0.001 | 0.0093 ± 0.0044 |
NIER-05 | 17.3 | 11.29 ± 2.27 | 0.00053 ± 0.0003 | 0.0017 ± 0.0006 |
NIER-09 | 34.1 | 6.21 ± 4.41 | 0.00062 ± 0.0002 | 0.00025 ± 0.0003 |
NIER-12 | 65.4 | 11.20 ± 3.38 | 0.00064 ± 0.0003 | 0.00065 ± 0.0001 |
NIER-14 | 97.3 | 15.16 ± 1.68 | 0.0021 ± 0.0008 | 0.00017 ± 0.0002 |
(Unit: mg km−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Vehicle | Phase | PM | BC |
CVS-75 | DE3#5 (a) | Phase 1 | 87.13 | 72.01 |
Phase 2 | 80.11 | 55.017 | ||
Phase 3 | 77.61 | 83.30 | ||
All Phase | 89.16 | 66.29 | ||
NEDC | DE4#6 (b) | Phase 1 | 0.53 | 0.13 ± 0.042 |
Phase 2 | ND (c) | 0.09 ± 0.055 | ||
All Phase | 0.17 | 0.1 ± 0.034 | ||
DE5#7 | Phase 1 | 0.54 ± 0.43 | 0.037 ± 0.001 | |
Phase 2 | 0.40 ± 0.031 | 0.11 ± 0.006 | ||
All Phase | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.084 ± 0.001 | ||
DE6#8 | Phase 1 | 1.41 ± 0.48 | 0.04 ± 0.018 | |
Phase 2 | 0.78 ± 0.40 | 0.047 ± 0.003 | ||
All Phase | 1.01 ± 0.07 | 0.044 ± 0.027 |
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Park, G.; Kim, K.; Park, T.; Kang, S.; Ban, J.; Choi, S.; Yu, D.-G.; Lee, S.; Lim, Y.; Kim, S.; et al. Characterizing Black Carbon Emissions from Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175856
Park G, Kim K, Park T, Kang S, Ban J, Choi S, Yu D-G, Lee S, Lim Y, Kim S, et al. Characterizing Black Carbon Emissions from Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(17):5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175856
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Gyutae, Kyunghoon Kim, Taehyun Park, Seokwon Kang, Jihee Ban, Siyoung Choi, Dong-Gil Yu, Sanguk Lee, Yunsung Lim, Sunmoon Kim, and et al. 2020. "Characterizing Black Carbon Emissions from Gasoline, LPG, and Diesel Vehicles via Transient Chassis-Dynamometer Tests" Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175856