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Volume 11
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Article

Emerging Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Design: The GWO, WOA, and SSA Optimizers

by
Achilles D. Boursianis
1,*,†,
Maria S. Papadopoulou
1,†,
Marco Salucci
2,†,
Alessandro Polo
2,†,
Panagiotis Sarigiannidis
3,†,
Konstantinos Psannis
4,*,†,
Seyedali Mirjalili
5,6,†,
Stavros Koulouridis
7,† and
Sotirios K. Goudos
1,*,†
1
ELEDIA@AUTH, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
2
ELEDIA Research Center, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 501 50 Kozani, Greece
4
Department of Applied Informatics, School of Information Sciences, University of Macedonia, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Greece
5
Center for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization, Torrens University Australia, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
6
Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
7
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8330; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188330
Submission received: 10 August 2021 / Revised: 29 August 2021 / Accepted: 1 September 2021 / Published: 8 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design Optimization of Antennas)
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Abstract

Swarm Intelligence (SI) Algorithms imitate the collective behavior of various swarms or groups in nature. In this work, three representative examples of SI algorithms have been selected and thoroughly described, namely the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), and the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). Firstly, the selected SI algorithms are reviewed in the literature, specifically for optimization problems in antenna design. Secondly, a comparative study is performed against widely known test functions. Thirdly, such SI algorithms are applied to the synthesis of linear antenna arrays for optimizing the peak sidelobe level (pSLL). Numerical tests show that the WOA outperforms the GWO and the SSA algorithms, as well as the well-known Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO), in terms of average ranking. Finally, the WOA is exploited for solving a more computational complex problem concerned with the synthesis of an dual-band aperture-coupled E-shaped antenna operating in the 5G frequency bands.
Keywords: antenna design; aperture-coupled antenna; meta-heuristics; nature-inspired algorithms; optimization technique; swarm intelligence; grey wolf optimizer; whale optimization algorithm; salp swarm algorithm antenna design; aperture-coupled antenna; meta-heuristics; nature-inspired algorithms; optimization technique; swarm intelligence; grey wolf optimizer; whale optimization algorithm; salp swarm algorithm
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MDPI and ACS Style

Boursianis, A.D.; Papadopoulou, M.S.; Salucci, M.; Polo, A.; Sarigiannidis, P.; Psannis, K.; Mirjalili, S.; Koulouridis, S.; Goudos, S.K. Emerging Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Design: The GWO, WOA, and SSA Optimizers. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 8330. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188330

AMA Style

Boursianis AD, Papadopoulou MS, Salucci M, Polo A, Sarigiannidis P, Psannis K, Mirjalili S, Koulouridis S, Goudos SK. Emerging Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Design: The GWO, WOA, and SSA Optimizers. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(18):8330. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188330

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boursianis, Achilles D., Maria S. Papadopoulou, Marco Salucci, Alessandro Polo, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, Konstantinos Psannis, Seyedali Mirjalili, Stavros Koulouridis, and Sotirios K. Goudos. 2021. "Emerging Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Design: The GWO, WOA, and SSA Optimizers" Applied Sciences 11, no. 18: 8330. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188330

APA Style

Boursianis, A. D., Papadopoulou, M. S., Salucci, M., Polo, A., Sarigiannidis, P., Psannis, K., Mirjalili, S., Koulouridis, S., & Goudos, S. K. (2021). Emerging Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Design: The GWO, WOA, and SSA Optimizers. Applied Sciences, 11(18), 8330. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188330

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