The Role and Molecular Mechanism of P2Y12 Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. P2Y12 Receptor and Fluid Shear Stress
3. P2Y12 and Thrombosis
- Inhibiting adenylate cyclase, reducing the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thereby increasing the free Ca2+ concentration, inactivating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and promoting platelet aggregation (first-phase gathering).
- The first-phase aggregation reaction can activate PI3K kinase and promote the release of related substances (ADP, serotonin, etc.) in platelets, resulting in continuous and stable platelet aggregation (second-phase aggregation).
- Activating phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, serine-threonine protein kinase B and rapid guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding protein, promote the exposure of the active site of platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor binding to fibrinogen and promote platelet fibrin cross-linking and aggregation between platelets [43,44].These interactions are facilitated by the release of the intracellular tether of GP IIb/IIIa, possibly via release from cytoskeletal actin components (the so-called inside-out signaling), which allows the extracellular domains of the GP IIb/IIIa receptor complex to expose multiple binding sites for fibrinogen and, also, for the von Willebrand factor [45]. Therefore, the P2Y12 receptor plays a vital role in platelet activation and aggregation. Furthermore, platelet aggregation may affect the infiltration of monocytes into the infarcted myocardium and influence the prognosis, which is contributed by P2Y12 [46]. The unique feature of P2Y12 may mediate platelet independent responses, especially in enhanced thrombin formation, such as local vascular injury and the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques [47]. Although this new biological signal is associated with long-term functional outcomes, the corresponding cellular substrates remain unclear.
4. P2Y12 Receptor and Atherosclerosis
5. Discussion and Prospect
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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P2Y12 Inhibitors | The Targets Functions of Drugs | References |
---|---|---|
Clopidogrel | Clopidogrel is a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor which selectively inhibits the binding of ADP to platelet receptors, the activation of ADP-mediated glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex, and platelet aggregation. It is used to prevent and treat heart, brain and other arterial circulatory disorders caused by high platelet aggregation, such as recent strokes, myocardial infarctions and confirmed peripheral arterial diseases. | [50,51,52] |
Prasugrel | Prasugrel is a new orally effective thienopyridine drug. The P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor on platelets can be irreversibly inhibited after the cytochrome P450 enzyme system is metabolized to the active metabolite. Prasugrel has a higher conversion rate of prodrug to active metabolites and higher bioavailability, so it takes effect faster and can reduce the difference in efficacy between individuals, and reduces major ischemic cardiovascular events to a greater extent Incidence rate. | [53,54,55] |
Ticagrelor | Ticagrelor is an oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist, which is a new type of cyclopentyl triazole pyrimidine oral antiplatelet drug. Ticagrelor promotes a greater inhibition of adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP)-induced Ca2+ release in shed platelets compared with other P2Y12R antagonists. Studies have also shown that ticagrelor is significantly better than clopidogrel. In clinical trial, 2 different dosages, 90 twice daily and 60 mg once a day of ticagrelor both showed reduced risk of cardiovascular death. | [56,57,58,59,60] |
AZD1283 | The P2Y12 receptor inhibitor AZD1283 induces an increasing in blood flow and inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation, with antithrombotic ED50 values of 3.0 and 10 μg/kg/min. | [61] |
2-Methylthioadenosine diphosphate trisodium | 2-Methylthioadenosine diphosphate trisodium is a potent purinergic P2Y receptor agonist, 2-methylthioadenosine diphosphate trisodium induces platelet aggregation and shape change, and inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation in platelets exposed to prostaglandin E1. | [62,63,64] |
Cangrelor tetrasodium | An adenosine triphosphate analogue, a reversible and selective platelet P2Y12 antagonist, has a rapid and effective antiplatelet effect. Cangrelor tetrasodium directly blocks adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet activation and aggregation. Cangrelor tetrasodium is also a non-specific GPR17 antagonist. | [65,66,67] |
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Wang, L.; Wang, J.; Xu, J.; Qin, W.; Wang, Y.; Luo, S.; Wang, G. The Role and Molecular Mechanism of P2Y12 Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9078. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199078
Wang L, Wang J, Xu J, Qin W, Wang Y, Luo S, Wang G. The Role and Molecular Mechanism of P2Y12 Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(19):9078. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199078
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Lu, Jinxuan Wang, Jianxiong Xu, Weixi Qin, Yuming Wang, Shisui Luo, and Guixue Wang. 2021. "The Role and Molecular Mechanism of P2Y12 Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases" Applied Sciences 11, no. 19: 9078. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199078