A New Method to Determine the Steel Fibre Content of Existing Structures—Evaluation and Validation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Concrete Mix Design
2.2. Experimental Setup
2.2.1. Basic Setup
2.2.2. Advanced Test Setup for Cylindrical Specimens
2.3. Modelling of the Current Flow
2.4. Evaluation of the Results
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Tests on Concrete Cubes as Additional Specimens
3.1.1. General Evaluation of the Cubic Specimens
3.1.2. Estimation of the Fibre Content and Orientation
3.2. Testing of Drilling Core Samples
3.2.1. Effect of the k-Value Based on the FEM Model
3.2.2. Statistical Analysis of the Test Results
3.2.3. Estimation of the Fibre Content
3.2.4. Estimation of the Fibre Orientation
4. Conclusions
- In contrast to AC-IS, the used method, based on electrical resistivity measurements, is much easier to use. However, similar models can be adapted to calculate both fibre content and orientation. One limitation in the application is the small amount of data that is used to calibrate the equations for the calculation of the fibre content for drilling cores which are needed to analyse structural elements or buildings.
- Based on the data gained in this study, a coefficient dependent on the expected value was found to calculate an adjusted fibre aspect ratio as a new coefficient for the literature’s model for specimens with small dimensions where probably a huge number of fibres are truncated through the drilling process and thus the effective fibre length is much smaller than the original one.
- With this coefficient, the fibre content of drilling cores can be estimated in a satisfying way, and thus the basis for the analysis of the fibre content of existing structures in an easy way has been provided. Independent of such a factor, the orientation of the fibres inside a specimen can be calculated comparative from the electrical resistivity in different directions, which can be measured with the cylindrical test setup very easily and fast.
- The results show that the newly developed method is suitable for rapid and non-destructive structural diagnosis based on drilling cores using electrical resistivity measurements.
- In further studies, the authors will focus on the verification of the correlation between the fibre content and the coefficient for adjusting the aspect ratio, especially by a variety of specimen size and fibre lengths. Additionally, different concretes with deviant compositions will be analysed to see if those calculations are applicable in a universal way or if additional adjustments are needed in some cases. Finally, the test setup and the models will be adjusted for several geometries in case of precast elements or existing structural elements.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Electrode A | Electrode B | k-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Height Level | Angle | Height Level | Angle | |
all | 0° | all | 180° | 0.071866 |
all | 90° | all | 270° | |
1 | 0° | 1 | 180° | 0.026653 |
1 | 90° | 1 | 270° | |
3 | 0° | 3 | 180° | |
3 | 90° | 3 | 270° | |
2 | 0° | 2 | 180° | 0.027555 |
2 | 90° | 2 | 270° | |
1 | all | 2 | all | 0.086957 |
2 | all | 3 | all | |
1 | all | 3 | all | 0.054714 |
Electrode A | Electrode B | k-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Height Level | Angle | Height Level | Angle | |
all | 0° | all | 180° | 0.063497 |
all | 90° | all | 270° | |
1 | 0° | 1 | 180° | 0.023066 |
1 | 90° | 1 | 270° | |
3 | 0° | 3 | 180° | |
3 | 90° | 3 | 270° | |
2 | 0° | 2 | 180° | 0.023768 |
2 | 90° | 2 | 270° | |
1 | all | 2 | all | 0.076614 |
2 | all | 3 | all | |
1 | all | 3 | all | 0.048069 |
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Parameter | Unit | 32-60-300-00 |
---|---|---|
CEM I 32.5 R | kg/m3 | 300.0 |
Water | kg/m3 | 180.0 |
Sand 0–4 mm | kg/m3 | 845.5 |
Gravel 4–16 mm | kg/m3 | 1004.0 |
Water/cement ratio | - | 0.60 |
Grain size distribution | - | A/B16 |
Steel fibre type | - | Macrofibre 60 mm |
Steel fibre content | kg/m3 | 0, 40, 80 |
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Cleven, S.; Raupach, M.; Matschei, T. A New Method to Determine the Steel Fibre Content of Existing Structures—Evaluation and Validation. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010454
Cleven S, Raupach M, Matschei T. A New Method to Determine the Steel Fibre Content of Existing Structures—Evaluation and Validation. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(1):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010454
Chicago/Turabian StyleCleven, Simon, Michael Raupach, and Thomas Matschei. 2022. "A New Method to Determine the Steel Fibre Content of Existing Structures—Evaluation and Validation" Applied Sciences 12, no. 1: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010454
APA StyleCleven, S., Raupach, M., & Matschei, T. (2022). A New Method to Determine the Steel Fibre Content of Existing Structures—Evaluation and Validation. Applied Sciences, 12(1), 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010454