Future Prospective of Oral Microbiome Research
1
Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan
2
International Photocatalyst Research Institute, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
3
Department of Operative Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010055
Submission received: 16 December 2021
/
Accepted: 21 December 2021
/
Published: 22 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)
Abstract
:Oral microbiome has complex structure. It consisted of more than 700 species of bacteria. These bacteria contains pathogens for human health. In contrast, some beneficial bacteria were included. Perspective of oral microbiome is not still elucidated. In this paper, information regarding oral microbiome of health older adults and oral diseases are included. Additionally, concise review of oral microbiome are presented.
An oral microbiome consists of more than 700 species of bacteria [1] and plays an important role in human health. In the past, disease-specific bacteria were focused on, many in vitro studies showed their pathogenesis, and their clinical examination system has developed. However, these disease-specific bacteria configure small, tiny fractions of oral microbiomes. The advance of next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics enabled us to study the proportion of each species in samples [2]. Despite this, there is still no clear definition of a healthy oral microbiome. The disturbance of a healthy oral microbiome, which is called dysbiosis, immensely contributes to human health. Therefore, there is a need to accumulate the data on the oral microbiome for every age category in humans, in addition to the disease stage.
In this article, the key species proposed in this paper are summarized in Table 1. Many of these species are relatively unfamiliar as the etiology of dental caries, periodontal disease, or other oral diseases. The pathogen of black stain is almost unknown. This study may give us the candidate for the pathogens of black stain for future research [3]. Periodontal pathogens in patients with Down syndrome were suggested to be different from chronic marginal periodontitis [4]. Molar–incisor malformation is a very rare disease, and the case report by [5] may contain valuable information regarding this. In general, Firmicutes is a predominant phylum, and Streptococcus is a predominant genius. These bacteria are supposed to be beneficial bacteria for human health. Some of them had been used as probiotic bacteria. However, some pathogenic species are predominant in healthy subjects. For example, predominant bacteria such as the S. sinensis group and S. pneumoniae group are known to be the pathogens for pneumonia [6,7].
In addition to this clinical evidence, this paper introduces the effect of biofilm composition on an experimental animal model for the development of dental caries [8] and reviews the effect of silver diamine fluoride on biofilm composition [9].
As the cost of next generation sequencing is high for the sample size study, the experiments presented in this paper were carried out by a small sample size study. Therefore, there is a need to accumulate the data of oral microbiome. The clinical application of the microbiome and its future prospects are reviewed [10]. Moreover, we hope that this paper may help guide future studies.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Y.N., A.O. and N.H.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.N.; writing—review and editing, A.O. and N.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by the JSPS KAKENHI (grant numbers 17K12030 and 20K10303) and the SECOM Science and Technology Foundation. The funders played no role in the design of the study, in data collection, in the analysis and interpretation of the results, or in the writing of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Aas, J.A.; Paster, B.J.; Stokes, L.N.; Olsen, I.; Dewhirst, F.E. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005, 43, 5721–5732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Keijser, B.J.; Zaura, E.; Huse, S.M.; van der Vossen, J.M.; Schuren, F.H.; Montijn, R.C.; ten Cate, J.M.; Crielaard, W. Pyrosequencing analysis of the oral microflora of healthy adults. J. Dent. Res. 2008, 87, 1016–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, J.; Lee, H.; Choi, J.; Nam, O.; Kim, M.; Choi, S. The Oral Microbiome in Children with Black Stained Tooth. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cuenca, M.; Marín, M.; Nóvoa, L.; O’Connor, A.; Sánchez, M.; Blanco, J.; Limeres, J.; Sanz, M.; Diz, P.; Herrera, D. Periodontal Condition and Subgingival Microbiota Characterization in Subjects with Down Syndrome. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.; Kim, H.; Lee, K.; Kim, M.; Nam, O.; Choi, S. Complications of Teeth Affected by Molar-Incisor Malformation and Pathogenesis According to Microbiome Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nomura, Y.; Kakuta, E.; Okada, A.; Otsuka, R.; Shimada, M.; Tomizawa, Y.; Taguchi, C.; Arikawa, K.; Daikoku, H.; Sato, T.; et al. Oral Microbiome in Four Female Centenarians. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nomura, Y.; Kakuta, E.; Kaneko, N.; Nohno, K.; Yoshihara, A.; Hanada, N. The Oral Microbiome of Healthy Japanese People at the Age of 90. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Kong, L.; Peng, X.; Chen, Y.; Ren, B.; Li, M.; Li, J.; Zhou, X.; Cheng, L. Core Microbiota Promotes the Development of Dental Caries. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Got, S.; Yin, I.; Lo, E.; Chu, C. A Concise Review of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Oral Biofilm. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, Y.; Kim, K.; Lee, Y.; Ku, Y.; Seol, Y. Oral Microbiome and Host Health: Review on Current Advances in Genome-Wide Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Table 1.
List of the key species proposed in this paper.
| Genus | Species | Method |
|---|---|---|
| Predominant in patients with black stain [3] | ||
| Abiotrophia | Ab. defectiva | Next generation sequence |
| Actinomyces | Ac. naeslundii | |
| Cardiobacterium | C. hominis | |
| Eikenella | E. corrodens | |
| Granulicatella | G. adiacens | |
| Kingella | JQ455165_s | |
| Leptotrichia | L. hongkongensis | |
| Neisseria | N. elongata | |
| N. perflava | ||
| N. sicca group | ||
| N. subflava | ||
| Porphyromonas | AM420091_s | |
| P. catoniae | ||
| 4P003207_s | ||
| Selenomonas | Se. noxia | |
| Streptococcus | St. sanguinis | |
| Periodontal disease in patients with Down Syndrome [4] | ||
| Eikenel | E. corrodens | qPCR |
| Tannerella | T. forsythia | |
| Patients with molar–incisor malformation (case report) [5] | ||
| Predominant genera | Next generation sequence | |
| Streptococcus | - | |
| Veilonella | - | |
| Leptotrichia | - | |
| Severe periodontal abscess: | ||
| Spirochetes | - | |
| Core oral microbiome of female centenarians [6] | ||
| Streptococcus | S. salivarius group | Next generation sequence |
| S. sinensis group | ||
| S. pneumoniae group | ||
| S. parasanguinis group | ||
| S. gordonii group | ||
| Veillonella | V. dispar | |
| V. parvula group | ||
| Granulicatella | G. adiacens group | |
| Lactobacillus | L. salivarius | |
| Rothia | R. mucilaginosa | |
| R. dentocariosa | ||
| Prevotella | P. histicola | |
| Core oral microbiome of healthy older adult [7] | ||
| Atopobium | A. parvulum | Next generation sequence |
| Actinomyces | KE952139_s | |
| Streptococcus | S. sinensis | |
| S. pneumoniae | ||
| S. salivarius | ||
| S. peroris | ||
| S. parasanguinis | ||
| Streptococcus_uc | ||
| AFQU_s | ||
| Granulicatella | G. adiacens | |
| Rothia | KV831974_s | |
| Veillonella | V. dispar | |
| V. parvula | ||
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Nomura, Y.; Okada, A.; Hanada, N. Future Prospective of Oral Microbiome Research. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010055
AMA Style
Nomura Y, Okada A, Hanada N. Future Prospective of Oral Microbiome Research. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(1):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010055
Chicago/Turabian StyleNomura, Yoshiaki, Ayako Okada, and Nobuhiro Hanada. 2022. "Future Prospective of Oral Microbiome Research" Applied Sciences 12, no. 1: 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010055
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
