Applied Sciences

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

3 pages, 183 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Future Prospective of Oral Microbiome Research

by Yoshiaki Nomura, Ayako Okada and Nobuhiro Hanada

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010055 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2079

Abstract

Oral microbiome has complex structure. It consisted of more than 700 species of bacteria. These bacteria contains pathogens for human health. In contrast, some beneficial bacteria were included. Perspective of oral microbiome is not still elucidated. In this paper, information regarding oral microbiome [...] Read more.

Oral microbiome has complex structure. It consisted of more than 700 species of bacteria. These bacteria contains pathogens for human health. In contrast, some beneficial bacteria were included. Perspective of oral microbiome is not still elucidated. In this paper, information regarding oral microbiome of health older adults and oral diseases are included. Additionally, concise review of oral microbiome are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

12 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Core Microbiota Promotes the Development of Dental Caries

by Jing Chen, Lixin Kong, Xian Peng, Yanyan Chen, Biao Ren, Mingyun Li, Jiyao Li, Xuedong Zhou and Lei Cheng

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3638; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083638 - 18 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2948

Abstract

A previous longitudinal study about using microbiome as a caries indicator has successfully predicted early childhood caries (ECC) in healthy individuals, but there is no evidence to verify the composition of core microbiota and its pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo. Biofilm acidogenicity, [...] Read more.

A previous longitudinal study about using microbiome as a caries indicator has successfully predicted early childhood caries (ECC) in healthy individuals, but there is no evidence to verify the composition of core microbiota and its pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo. Biofilm acidogenicity, S. mutans count, and biofilm composition were estimated by pH evaluation, colony-forming unit, and quantitative PCR, respectively. Extracellular polysaccharide production and enamel demineralization were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transverse microradiography (TMR), respectively. A rat caries model was established for dental caries formation in vivo, and caries lesions were quantified by Keyes Scoring. We put forward that microbiota including Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella denticola, and Leptotrichia wadei served as the predictors for ECC may be the core microbiota in ECC. This study found that the core microbiota of ECC produced limited acid, but promoted growth and acidogenic ability of S. mutans. Besides, core microbiota could help to promote the development of biofilms. Moreover, the core microbiota enhanced the enamel demineralization in vitro and increased cariogenic potential in vivo. These results proved that core microbiota could promote the development of dental caries and plays an important role in the development of ECC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Periodontal Condition and Subgingival Microbiota Characterization in Subjects with Down Syndrome

by Maigualida Cuenca, María José Marín, Lourdes Nóvoa, Ana O`Connor, María Carmen Sánchez, Juan Blanco, Jacobo Limeres, Mariano Sanz, Pedro Diz and David Herrera

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020778 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The aim was to study the subgingival microbiota in subjects with Down syndrome (DS) with different periodontal health status, using cultural and molecular microbiological methods. In this cross-sectional study, DS subjects were selected among those attending educational or occupational therapy centers in Galicia [...] Read more.

The aim was to study the subgingival microbiota in subjects with Down syndrome (DS) with different periodontal health status, using cultural and molecular microbiological methods. In this cross-sectional study, DS subjects were selected among those attending educational or occupational therapy centers in Galicia (Spain). Medical histories, intraoral and periodontal examinations and microbiological sampling were performed. Samples were processed by means of culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Microbiological data were compared, by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square or Fisher tests, according to their periodontal status. 124 subjects were included, 62 with a healthy periodontium, 34 with gingivitis and 28 with periodontitis. Patients with periodontitis were older (p < 0.01) and showed lower prevalence of hypothyroidism and levothyroxine intake (p = 0.01), presented significantly deeper pockets and more attachment loss (p ≤ 0.01). Both gingivitis and periodontitis subjects showed higher levels of bleeding and dental plaque. PCR counts of T. forsythia and culture counts of E. corrodens and total anaerobic counts were significantly higher in periodontitis patients. Relevant differences were observed in the subgingival microbiota of DS patients with periodontitis, showing higher levels of anaerobic bacteria, T. forsythia and E. corrodens, when compared with periodontally healthy and gingivitis subjects. Moreover, periodontitis subjects were older, had lower frequency of hypothyroidism and higher levels of dental plaque. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

10 pages, 1251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Oral Microbiome in Children with Black Stained Tooth

by Ji Young Hwang, Hyo-Seol Lee, Jaehyuk Choi, Ok Hyung Nam, Mi Sun Kim and Sung Chul Choi

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8054; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228054 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2703

Abstract

Black stain (BS) is a characteristic extrinsic discoloration, which occurs along the third cervical line of the buccal and/or lingual surfaces of teeth, particularly in the primary dentition of humans. BS is produced by oral bacteria and byproducts of saliva, but there is [...] Read more.

Black stain (BS) is a characteristic extrinsic discoloration, which occurs along the third cervical line of the buccal and/or lingual surfaces of teeth, particularly in the primary dentition of humans. BS is produced by oral bacteria and byproducts of saliva, but there is a controversy about related bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the oral microbiome in tooth BS using pyrosequencing. It was hypothesized that the oral microbiome of BS in children might be related to black-pigment producing bacteria. Supragingival dental plaque was obtained from six children (mean 8.1 years) with BS and four children (mean 8.3 years) without BS. The bacterial metagenome was obtained by pyrosequencing. The BS group contained 348 operative taxonomic units (OTUs), whereas the control group had 293 OTUs. Microbial abundance and diversity were significantly higher in the BS group (p < 0.05). In the heatmap, the correlation between samples was the same as the BS scale. At the genus level, six genera—Abiotrophia, Eikenella, Granulicatella, Neisseria, Porphyromonas and Streptococcus—were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). We suggested that compositional changes in the oral microbiome are essential, and several species in the genus Neisseria, Porphyromonas and Streptococcus may be major contributors for BS formation. Although the number of subjects was relatively limited, our study is the first species-level analysis of pyrosequencing data in BS formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Oral Microbiome of Healthy Japanese People at the Age of 90

by Yoshiaki Nomura, Erika Kakuta, Noboru Kaneko, Kaname Nohno, Akihiro Yoshihara and Nobuhiro Hanada

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6450; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186450 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2770

Abstract

For a healthy oral cavity, maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential. However, data on healthy microbiomes are not sufficient. To determine the nature of the core microbiome, the oral-microbiome structure was analyzed using pyrosequencing data. Saliva samples were obtained from healthy 90-year-old participants [...] Read more.

For a healthy oral cavity, maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential. However, data on healthy microbiomes are not sufficient. To determine the nature of the core microbiome, the oral-microbiome structure was analyzed using pyrosequencing data. Saliva samples were obtained from healthy 90-year-old participants who attended the 20-year follow-up Niigata cohort study. A total of 85 people participated in the health checkups. The study population consisted of 40 male and 45 female participants. Stimulated saliva samples were obtained by chewing paraffin wax for 5 min. The V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were amplified by PCR. Pyrosequencing was performed using MiSeq. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned on the basis of a 97% identity search in the EzTaxon-e database. Using the threshold of 100% detection on the species level, 13 species were detected: Streptococcus sinensis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus salivarius, KV831974_s, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Veillonella dispar, Granulicatella adiacens, Streptococcus_uc, Streptococcus peroris, KE952139_s, Veillonella parvula, Atopobium parvulum, and AFQU_vs. These species represent potential candidates for the core make-up of the human microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Microbiome in Four Female Centenarians

by Yoshiaki Nomura, Erika Kakuta, Ayako Okada, Ryoko Otsuka, Mieko Shimada, Yasuko Tomizawa, Chieko Taguchi, Kazumune Arikawa, Hideki Daikoku, Tamotsu Sato and Nobuhiro Hanada

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5312; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155312 - 31 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2647

Abstract

The oral microbiome of healthy older adults has valuable information about a healthy microbiome. In this study, we collected and analyzed the oral microbiome of denture plaque and tongue coating samples from four female centenarians. After DNA extraction and purification, pyrosequencing of the [...] Read more.

The oral microbiome of healthy older adults has valuable information about a healthy microbiome. In this study, we collected and analyzed the oral microbiome of denture plaque and tongue coating samples from four female centenarians. After DNA extraction and purification, pyrosequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA was carried out. The bacterial taxonomy for each lead was assigned based on a search of the EzBioCloud 16S database. We obtained a total of 199,723 valid, quality-controlled reads for denture plaque and 210,750 reads for tongue coating. The reads were assigned 407 operational taxonomic units with a 97% identity cutoff. Twenty-nine species were detected in both denture plaque and tongue coatings from all subjects. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum; the Streptococcus salivarius group was the most abundant species in both the denture plaque and tongue coatings; and the Fusobacterium nucleatum group was detected in all subjects. In the bacterial profile, species formed clusters composed of bacteria with a wide range of prevalence and abundance, not dependent on phyla; each cluster may have specific species that could be candidates for a core microbiome. Firmicutes and Veillonella were abundant phyla on both plaque and tongue coatings of centenarians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Other

16 pages, 1028 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oral Microbiome and Host Health: Review on Current Advances in Genome-Wide Analysis

by Young-Dan Cho, Kyoung-Hwa Kim, Yong-Moo Lee, Young Ku and Yang-Jo Seol

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4050; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094050 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4336

Abstract

The oral microbiome is an important part of the human microbiome. The oral cavity has the second largest microbiota after the intestines, and its open structure creates a special environment. With the development of technology such as next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics, extensive in-depth [...] Read more.

The oral microbiome is an important part of the human microbiome. The oral cavity has the second largest microbiota after the intestines, and its open structure creates a special environment. With the development of technology such as next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics, extensive in-depth microbiome studies have become possible. They can also be applied in the clinical field in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Many microbiome studies have been performed on oral and systemic diseases, showing a close association between the two. Understanding the oral microbiome and host interaction is expected to provide future directions to explore the functional and metabolic changes in diseases, and to uncover the molecular mechanisms for drug development and treatment that facilitate personalized medicine. The aim of this review was to provide comprehension regarding research trends in oral microbiome studies and establish the link between oral microbiomes and systemic diseases based on the latest technique of genome-wide analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Concise Review of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Oral Biofilm

by Jingyang Zhang, Sofiya-Roksolana Got, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, Edward Chin-Man Lo and Chun-Hung Chu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3232; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073232 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3231

Abstract

Studies have shown that silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective agent to arrest and prevent dental caries due to its mineralizing and antibacterial properties. While plenty of studies have investigated the mineralizing properties, there are few papers that have examined its antibacterial [...] Read more.

Studies have shown that silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective agent to arrest and prevent dental caries due to its mineralizing and antibacterial properties. While plenty of studies have investigated the mineralizing properties, there are few papers that have examined its antibacterial effect on oral biofilm. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of silver diamine fluoride on oral biofilm. Method: The keywords used were (silver diamine fluoride OR silver diammine fluoride OR SDF OR silver fluoride OR AgF AND biofilm OR plaque). Two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts and then retrieved the full text of the potentially eligible publications. Publications of original research investigating the effect of SDF on oral biofilm were selected for this review. Results: This review included 15 laboratory studies and six clinical studies among the 540 papers identified. The laboratory studies found that SDF could prevent bacterial adhesion to the tooth surface. SDF also inhibited the growth of cariogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Enterococcus faecalis, thus contributing to its success in caries arrest. One clinical study reported a decrease in Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus sp. in arrested caries after SDF treatment, and another clinical study found that SDF inhibited the growth of periodontitis microbiota, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens. However, three clinical studies reported no significant change in the microbial diversity of the plaque on the tooth after SDF treatment. Moreover, one laboratory study and one clinical research study reported that SDF inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. Conclusion: Not many research studies have investigated the effects of SDF on oral biofilm, although SDF has been used as a caries-arresting agent with antibacterial properties. However, a few publications have reported that SDF prevented bacterial adhesion to the teeth, inhibited the growth of cariogenic and periodontal bacteria, and possessed antifungal properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Review

13 pages, 14762 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Complications of Teeth Affected by Molar-Incisor Malformation and Pathogenesis According to Microbiome Analysis

by Hyo-Seol Lee, Hee Jin Kim, Koeun Lee, Mi Sun Kim, Ok Hyung Nam and Sung-Chul Choi

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010004 - 22 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5315

Abstract

A molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a recently reported dental anomaly that causes premature loss of the first molar with severe dentoalveolar infection. However, there has been no research on the pathogenesis yet. The aim of this study was to report the clinical process [...] Read more.

A molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a recently reported dental anomaly that causes premature loss of the first molar with severe dentoalveolar infection. However, there has been no research on the pathogenesis yet. The aim of this study was to report the clinical process of MIMs and investigate the pathogenesis by conducting a microbiome analysis. An eight-year-old girl was diagnosed with MIM and after two years, four permanent first molars were sequentially extracted due to severe dentoalveolar infection. We recorded the patient`s clinical progress and collected oral microbiome samples from the extracted teeth with MIM and sound teeth as controls. The sites of microbiome sampling were represented by five habitats in two groups. Group (1) was the perio group: ① supragingival plaque, ② subgingival plaque, and ③ a pical abscess; and group (2) was the endo group: ④ coronal pulp chamber and ⑤ root canal. The perio group was composed predominantly of genera Streptococcus, Veilonella, and Leptotrichia. Spirochetes appeared in one sample from a severe periodontal abscess. Aggregatibacter actinomyces were not identified. In the endo groups, pulp necrosis was observed in all MIM and the genera Peptostreptococcus and Parvimonas predominated. In conclusion, MIM teeth caused localized tooth-related periodontitis with pulp necrosis rather than localized juvenile periodontitis, resulting in a poor prognosis, and timely extraction is highly recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Oral Microbial Communities and Oral Health

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (9 papers)

Editorial

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI