Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Fatty Acids from Cultured and Commercial Phytoplankton Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Standards
2.2. Cultures and Commercial Samples
2.3. Traditional Extraction (TE) of Lipids and Fatty Acids
2.4. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
2.5. Microwave-Assisted In Situ Extraction and Transesterification
2.6. X-ray Spectroscopy
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Lipids and Fatty Acids
3.2. X-ray Spectroscopy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Arthrospira sp. | Chlorella sp. | S. torques | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acid | MAE | MAE | MAE | TE | |
C10:0 | Capric acid | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | n.a. | n.a. |
C14:0 | Myristic acid | 0.93 ± 0.00 a | 1.46 ± 0.18 b | 2.44 ± 0.10 c | n.a. |
C15:0 | Pentadecanoic acid | 0.44 ± 0.00 a | 0.88 ± 0.06 b | n.a. | n.a. |
C16:0 | Palmitic acid | 37.41 ± 0.29 a | 18.30 ± 0.29 b | 34.85 ± 0.09 c | 54.36 ± 0.10 |
C16:1 | Palmitoleic acid | 10.77 ± 0.24 a | 11.86 ± 0.23 b | 8.92 ± 0.46 c | 11.17 ± 0.11 |
C17:0 | Heptadecanoic acid | 0.76 ± 0.02 a | 0.51 ± 0.04 b | n.a. | n.a. |
C17:1 | Heptadecaenoic acid | 0.78 ± 0.01 a | 1.86 ± 0.13 b | n.a. | n.a. |
C18:0 | Stearic acid | 2.13 ± 0.04 a,b | 1.55 ± 0.07 c | 2.87 ± 0.29 b | 12.59 ± 0.19 |
C18:1 | Oleic acid | 1.11 ± 0.04 a | 1.33 ± 0.04 b | 7.49 ± 0.15 c | 2.55 ± 0.09 |
C18:2 | Linoleic acid | 25.83 ± 0.17 a | 31.93 ± 0.47 b | 33.94 ± 0.26 c | 5.89 ± 0.11 |
C18:4 | Stearidonic acid | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.82 ± 0.14 b | n.a. | n.a. |
C20:4 | Arachidonic acid | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.62 ± 0.00 b | n.a. | n.a. |
C21:5 | Tetracosanolpentaenoic acid | 0.74 ± 0.00 a | 26.82 ± 1.19 b | n.a. | n.a. |
Phytol | 18.40 ± 0.16 a | 28.01 ± 2.38 b | 8.83 ± 0.28 c | n.a. | |
∑SFAs | 41.79 ± 0.35 a | 22.91 ± 0.40 b | 40.13 ± 0.28 c | 66.95 ± 0.16 | |
∑MUFAs | 12.66 ± 0.18 a | 15.05 ± 0.40 a | 16.20 ± 0.47 b | 13.72 ± 0.38 | |
∑PUFAs | 26.96 ± 0.18 a | 26.96 ± 0.18 a | 35.74 ± 0.25 b | 5.89 ± 0.26 |
Metal | Sample | ||
---|---|---|---|
Chlorella sp. | Arthrospira sp. | S. torques-reginae | |
Calcium | 35.79 | 22.07 | 31.25 |
Potassium | 21.44 | 37.80 | 26.42 |
Phosphorus | 15.35 | 10.30 | 12.03 |
Sulfur | 11.25 | 12.69 | 11.25 |
Iron | 11.04 | 6.25 | 8.26 |
Chlorine | 4.54 | 10.46 | 10.25 |
Others | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.54 |
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Moretto, J.A.; de Souza, A.O.; Berneira, L.M.; Brigagão, L.G.G.; de Pereira, C.M.P.; Converti, A.; Pinto, E. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Fatty Acids from Cultured and Commercial Phytoplankton Species. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052407
Moretto JA, de Souza AO, Berneira LM, Brigagão LGG, de Pereira CMP, Converti A, Pinto E. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Fatty Acids from Cultured and Commercial Phytoplankton Species. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(5):2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052407
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoretto, Jéssica Aparecida, Alexander Ossanes de Souza, Lucas Moraes Berneira, Luiz Gustavo G. Brigagão, Claudio Martin Pereira de Pereira, Attilio Converti, and Ernani Pinto. 2022. "Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Fatty Acids from Cultured and Commercial Phytoplankton Species" Applied Sciences 12, no. 5: 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052407