Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to Biostimulants Application and Substrate Additives under Salinity Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments–Substrate Additives | Sub- Treatments | Leaf DW (g) | Stem DW (g) | Root DW (g) | Relative Growth Rate (Height–mm mm−1 d−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | I | 4.37 ± 0.36 ab | 14.93 ± 3.01 ab | 11.23 ± 1.66 ab | 0.0063 ± 0.002 a |
II | 2.34 ± 0.16 d | 16.02 ± 2.47 ab | 13.19 ± 2.22 ab | 0.0033 ± 0.002 a | |
III | 3.51 ± 0.29 bc | 13.64 ± 2.90 ab | 11.00 ± 1.76 ab | 0.0063 ± 0.001 a | |
IV | 3.61 ± 0.24 bc | 15.59 ± 2.46 ab | 12.57 ± 2.85 ab | 0.0042 ± 0.001 a | |
Zeolite | I | 5.07 ± 0.55 a | 19.92 ± 3.19 a | 18.86 ± 4.32 a | 0.0055 ± 0.002 a |
II | 4.14 ± 0.23 abc | 11.97 ± 1.39 b | 10.96 ± 2.14 ab | 0.0079 ± 0.001 a | |
III | 4.28 ± 0.03 ab | 13.25 ± 0.74 ab | 14.53 ± 1.50 ab | 0.0058 ± 0.002 a | |
IV | 4.57 ± 0.33 ab | 16.47 ± 1.59 ab | 11.77 ± 1.22 ab | 0.0064 ± 0.001 a | |
EM | I | 4.68 ± 0.42 ab | 17.26 ± 0.95 ab | 18.32 ± 4.19 a | 0.0058 ± 0.002 a |
II | 3.02 ± 0.60 cd | 15.14 ± 1.44 ab | 13.61 ± 0.96 ab | 0.0031 ± 0.001 a | |
III | 4.42 ± 0.44 ab | 12.28 ± 1.31 b | 9.56 ± 1.28 b | 0.0078 ± 0.001 a | |
IV | 3.99 ± 0.18 abc | 13.10 ± 1.30 ab | 11.73 ± 1.02 ab | 0.0051 ± 0.002 a |
Treatments–Substrate Additives | Sub-Treatments | Proline (μmol/g FW) | Carbohydrates (μmol/g FW) | Carotenoids (mg/g FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | I | 2.09 ± 0.82 bc | 59.97 ± 12.2 a | 564.13 ± 78.32 bcd |
II | 0.75 ± 0.27 c | 69.20 ± 7.54 a | 687.04 ± 84.71 a–d | |
III | 1.07 ± 0.70 c | 43.56 ± 10.74 a | 687.78 ± 21.53 a–d | |
IV | 1.65 ± 0.55 bc | 57.66 ± 12.26 a | 823.88 ± 31.00 ab | |
Zeolite | I | 1.72 ± 0.45 bc | 71.97 ± 10.70 a | 847.60 ± 100.35 a |
II | 2.44 ± 0.86 bc | 56.69 ± 12.73 a | 543.32 ± 79.53 cd | |
III | 1.33 ± 0.42 c | 39.45 ± 6.04 a | 524.13 ± 24.62 cd | |
IV | 1.09 ± 0.20 c | 59.21 ± 6.12 a | 736.79 ± 6.67 abc | |
EM | I | 1.10 ± 0.39 c | 64.88 ± 2.96 a | 673.78 ± 47.16 a–d |
II | 5.63 ± 0.54 a | 65.88 ± 12.76 a | 681.11 ± 18.51 a–d | |
III | 4.16 ± 0.63 ab | 48.34 ± 2.34 a | 430.80 ± 24.74 d | |
IV | 1.76 ± 0.30 bc | 55.48 ± 11.83 a | 602.32 ± 3.56 a–d |
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Koulympoudi, L.; Chatzissavvidis, C.; Giannakoula, A.E. Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to Biostimulants Application and Substrate Additives under Salinity Stress. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031290
Koulympoudi L, Chatzissavvidis C, Giannakoula AE. Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to Biostimulants Application and Substrate Additives under Salinity Stress. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(3):1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031290
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoulympoudi, Louloudia, Christos Chatzissavvidis, and Anastasia Evripidis Giannakoula. 2023. "Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to Biostimulants Application and Substrate Additives under Salinity Stress" Applied Sciences 13, no. 3: 1290. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031290