Reaching the Heights: A Desk Study on Exploring Opportunities and Challenges for Lithuania’s Tallest Wind Turbine

Abstract

This study investigates the opportunities and challenges of installing Vestas’ V172-7.2 MW wind turbine, standing at 199 m, in Lithuania. As part of the country’s commitment to sustainable growth and the European Union’s goal of achieving a Net Zero Carbon economy by 2050, Lithuania aims to achieve self-sufficiency in energy production, focusing on wind energy projects. The research addresses two key questions: the optimal geographical location for the wind turbine installation and the anticipated outcomes and impacts of the project. Hence, the turbine’s technical requirements are researched to offer a clear picture of the manufacturer’s minimal standards, such as cleared site radius, distance to residence, highways, and wind speed range. Following that, Lithuanian regulatory standards are investigated for turbine installation in terms of residential zones, protected natural regions, and locations where any construction is controlled or prohibited. Therefore, the research’s data is gathered using a multi-method that relies on secondary data techniques. The deductive approach served as a structured framework for results, leveraging theories to help the identification process of suitable wind turbine locations. Delimitations include a focus on the specific features of the turbine, predefined environmental elements, and a holistic view of potential locations.

1. Introduction

Energy has always been a driving force throughout history. During the 20th century, oil became the lifeblood of progress as countries industrialised, fueling economies [1]. Nevertheless, environmental challenges sparked a global drive towards sustainable alternatives. Green energy sources such as solar, wind, and water have emerged as viable oil alternatives during the transition [2]. Using renewable energy not only reduces environmental effects but also taps into an unlimited energy resource. As a result, the renewable energy industries are confronting massive changes in extraction methods and technology all over the world [3].

1.1. Background and Context

The energy landscape is undergoing a transformative shift towards renewable sources, with the wind sector playing a key role [4]. As part of this movement, innovative wind turbine technologies are emerging as well. One such development is Vestas’ wind turbine called V172-7.2 MW (V1), which stands out for its impressive size and capabilities. Currently, such onshore wind turbines offer energy generation up to 7.2 megawatts and can be as tall as 199 m [5]. Alongside such technological advancements, the European Union aims to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy. Therefore, an increasing number of countries have committed to becoming Net Zero Carbon economy by 2050 [6]. To meet the growing demands of Europe, Lithuania published a strategy in 2021, expressing the ambition to achieve self-sufficiency in energy production while focusing on wind energy projects [7]. With the country’s commitment to sustainable growth and the pressing need to diversify its energy portfolio, Lithuania has become particularly relevant in the wind energy sector [8].

The paper introduces innovative methodologies for optimizing wind turbine site selection and environmental impact mitigation. It highlights advanced techniques in logistics and construction, along with data-driven optimisation strategies for enhancing energy production efficiency. These contributions advance knowledge in renewable energy, aiding stakeholders in making informed decisions for sustainable wind energy projects globally.

1.2. Research Area

The study intends to conceptually investigate opportunities and challenges for Lithuania’s highest wind turbine installation project. The goal of this study is to identify the optimal location for a 199-m-high wind turbine (V1). Hence, to address critical factors such as technical, regulatory, and financial aspects of such an energy project,

✓

What is the optimal geographical location for siting the wind turbine within the Lithuanian landscape?

The purpose of the first research question is to identify the optimal geographical location for deploying the wind turbine in Lithuania through a thorough examination of technical and regulatory factors. By addressing these aspects, the question offers a detailed understanding of the considerations influencing the final location.

✓

What is the anticipated outcome and impact associated with a wind turbine?

The purpose of the second research question is to address the benefits and challenges of the V1 wind turbine presence in Lithuania. As a result, the investigation covers financial and environmental aspects and provides a holistic understanding of the implications.

The research is limited by factors that prevent a context-specific investigation into the V1 wind turbine development project. To maintain its depth and relevance, the study limits its research to the specific features of the V1 turbine, eliminating other wind turbine variants. Second, environmental concerns are limited to predefined elements such as biodiversity, noise pollution, and visual impact. The analysis adopts a holistic view of potential locations, sidestepping specific land ownership difficulties. Additionally, due to the unavailability of exact weight information, an exact logistical route is not considered, and the soil at the location remains uninvestigated. The study also refrains from a detailed examination of the grid, specifically different power lines, concentrating instead on broader aspects such as site selection and turbine needs.

1.3. Structure

The research is structured into seven chapters. Chapter two describes the methodology applied during the research, while chapter three explores related work and literature. Chapter four presents the results of the investigation, and chapter five reflects, opens a discussion, and reveals the research limitations and future work. Lastly, chapter six concludes the study.

1.4. Significance

This study has significance for the onshore wind energy projects in Lithuania. The study investigates factors with a focused lens, offering insights into the location identification of the wind turbine. As a result, this research may have significance for addressing site-specific issues in wind energy projects throughout the Baltics.

2. Materials and Methods

This chapter is organised to provide an overview of the research methodology. Hence, it subsequently breaks down into sections that cover research design, data collection, and data analysis. All methodological decisions were taken to answer the research question and align with the objective.

2.1. Research Design

The research design was based on a pragmatic philosophy, highlighting the study’s practical relevance [9]. Choosing pragmatism in this study allowed for prioritising real-world applications, emphasising a balance between theoretical wind turbine insights and practical solutions. Furthermore, the deductive approach served as a structured framework for results, leveraging theories to help the identification process of suitable wind turbine locations. As a result, an archival research strategy was used, ensuring the efficiency and depth of the historical data records [10]. This method allowed for the investigation of wind conditions, laws, and regulations, yielding useful insights.

2.2. Data Collection

The study’s data was gathered using a multi-method approach that relied on secondary data techniques [11]. It included an examination of the literature, online databases, portals, government papers, and policies. Such a broad examination enabled the researchers to include varied data sources for an investigation of wind turbine project design and execution factors, increasing the study’s depth. The data collection was planned as a cross-sectional study, capturing a specific moment in time’s view of information [11]. This technique was suitable for analysing the present landscape of wind turbine projects in Lithuania. Additionally, the researchers developed criteria to ensure the relevance and reliability of the collected data.

2.3. Data Analysis

A systematic technique combining thematic and comparative analysis was utilised to extract and analyse only relevant data [12]. Researchers identified recurring themes and patterns in qualitative data to disclose qualitative insights about wind turbine projects [10]. Quantitative data, on the other hand, was evaluated through comparative analysis of datasets such as wind speeds, project costs, and energy outputs. This dual technique enabled the researchers to effectively handle both quantitative and qualitative data. As a result, the researchers could validate and triangulate secondary data, ensuring that study activities were transparent, consistent, and corresponded with the research objective [12].

2.4. Constraints Analysis

The installation of the wind turbine necessitates adherence to a set of meticulous requirements to ensure optimal performance and safety. Firstly, a cleared area with a radius of at least 100 m around the turbine base is imperative for efficient installation and maintenance processes. Soil conditions must be thoroughly examined to ensure stability, avoiding wet areas during foundation establishment. Additionally, a substantial distance of 200 m from highways is crucial for safe transportation and installation of components. To mitigate acoustic impact, a minimum distance of 500 to 1000 m from surrounding residences is recommended. Strategic buffer distances from cable networks are also mandated. Environmental conditions such as temperature and wind speed must fall within specified ranges for operational efficiency. Integration into the power grid requires adherence to frequency standards. These criteria—in practice outlining the selection process—encompassing site clearance, transportation logistics, environmental impact, and operational parameters are essential for the successful deployment and sustained operation of the wind turbine, ensuring safe, efficient, and sustainable utilisation of wind energy for power generation (see Figure 1).

2.5. Requirements

Vestas’ V171-7.2 (V1) wind turbine tower is 199 m tall, and the blade is 84 m long, creating its own set of requirements and engineering challenges. The wind turbine blade extends above the tower height, resulting in a total structural height of 283 m when assembled. Vestas, as the manufacturer, has defined critical parameters for the erection and operation processes to ensure the structure’s optimal performance and safety. These parameters cover a variety of topics, such as cleared site radius, distance to residence, and highways. There are also preferred and ranged weather conditions in terms of air temperature and wind speed (see

Table 1. V1 Key Requirements.

Cleared Radius Around the Base	100 m
Distance to Highway	200 m
Underground Cable Buffer Distance	20–30 m
Distance to Residential Areas	500–1000 m
Operating Temperature	−20 to +45 deg. C
Frequency	50/60 Hz
Wind Speed	3 m/s (cut-in); 25 m/s (cut-out)
Soil Avoidance	Watery Places

).

First, a thoroughly cleared area with a minimum radius of 100 m around the turbine base is necessary to facilitate an efficient installation process. This space not only accommodates the assembly of the turbine but also provides room for maintenance operations [13]. To ensure the stability of the turbine, it is also important to conduct a thorough examination of the soil conditions, taking special care to avoid wet areas during the foundation layer establishment. Moving on, the towering structure demands a substantial distance of at least 200 m from highways. This considerable buffer is indispensable for the safe transportation and installation of crane-raised components that are lifted high into the air [14]. Additionally, the acoustic impact of the turbine, with average sound levels reaching 106.9 dB, underscores the need for careful consideration of its placement. The manufacturer recommends a minimum distance of 500 to 1000 m from surrounding residences to mitigate any potential disturbance caused by the operational noise (see Figure 2) [15].

Simultaneously, a strategic buffer distance ranging between 20 and 30 m from the existing cable network is mandated to prevent any potential interference during the intricate process of foundation installation [16]. Moreover, the manufacturer specifies certain environmental conditions crucial for the optimal performance and longevity of the wind turbine. The air temperature is constrained within a range not cooler than −20 degrees Celsius and not warmer than +45 degrees Celsius [13]. Consequently, the turbine’s operational efficiency is contingent upon wind speeds within the range of 3 to 25 m/s. Finally, the wind turbine’s seamless integration into the power grid necessitates a frequency of either 50 or 60 Hz [17,18]. This integral requirement completes the brief set of conditions unavoidable for the successful deployment and sustained operation of the wind turbine. These criteria contribute to the safe, efficient, and sustainable utilisation of wind energy for power generation.

2.6. Regulations

Lithuania has implemented a comprehensive regulatory framework to govern onshore wind turbines. The approach is grounded in a commitment to meeting energy needs based on environmental responsibility and community well-being. These rules are centered on specific aspects such as adherence to set distances, noise level norms, and limiting the potential impact of shadow on neighboring residential areas (see

Table 2. Governmental Spatial Requirements/Regulations.

Clearance Distance	Four times the structure height
Noise Norms	25–35 db to the closest residency
Complex Construction	Over 30 m in height
Bird Clearance Radius	5000 m

) [19].

First, wind turbine installations are restricted by distance limitations based on their capacity and height. Turbines that exceed 30 kW and reach an altitude of more than 25 m, for example, must conform to minimum distance limits from plot borders [20]. Using a four-times-the-tower-height projection, the V1 wind turbine, standing at 283 m, requires a clearance of 1140 m radius. Buildings are prohibited within this radius, unless with the express approval of building owners [21]. This estimate considers potential shadows and precautions against safety problems such as falling ice. Simultaneously, noise level criteria are an important aspect, with the Lithuanian government requiring wind turbines to have a maximum noise level of 23–35 decibels from the closest residential building [22]. As a result, the V1 turbine should be kept at least 925 m away from residential buildings [23]. The calculation considers a variety of elements, including noise level, sound power level, and distance from source to receiver [24]. The Construction Technical Regulations modify the landscape even further, classifying wind turbines up tp 30 m as basic structures [25]. However, building licenses and full environmental and public health impact evaluations are required for larger projects such as the V1 construction [23]. Furthermore, environmental restrictions in Lithuania establish standards for the construction of wind turbines. Sensitive regions, which include breeding, feeding, migrating, and wintering aggregation sites, must be at least 5000 m away from turbines [6,25]. While exceptions may allow development within this range, it entails the installation of monitoring systems. If the project’s location is closer than 5000 m, periodic onsite inspections of animals within a 5000-m radius are also necessary [25].

3. Related Work

The related work chapter explains the renewable energy position in both Europe and Lithuania. The emphasis is on exploring wind turbine development as well as the environmental impact in the literature field.

3.1. Wind Energy Development in Europe

Renewable energy has seen a significant increase in the European Union in the twenty-first century [26]. Nonetheless, the environment is in constant danger because of the majority of the present energy supply’s reliance on fossil fuels [27]. In response to this serious challenge, the EU’s energy and climate policy emphasises the critical need to decarbonise the energy sector, with a focus on the promotion of renewable energy sources [28]. Acknowledging the diversity of economic circumstances across the union, individual countries are encouraged to develop policies tailored to their specific circumstances [26]. As a result, wind power has emerged as a key focus in this collaborative effort, demonstrating varying potentials across diverse European locations, as widely studied in studies such as ‘Wind Energy Scenarios for 2030 [28,29]. According to Eurostat, wind energy will account for 37% of all renewable electricity generated in the EU in 2021 [27]. However, the current capacity of newly built wind turbines falls short of optimistic expectations, as demonstrated by the installation of only 1.6 GW in 2022, far less than the envisioned 12 GW or more. As a result, EU member states are asked to strengthen grid infrastructure, streamline permission processes, and cultivate supply chains and capabilities to close the renewable energy gap [26].

3.2. Lithuanian Energy Landscape

Lithuania’s electrical sector has one of the highest levels of reliance in the EU [30]. In 2021, almost 70 percent of used power will have been generated abroad [31]. This high rate was compounded by the fact that the country was dependent solely on the Russian Federation [8]. As a result, Lithuania, which has almost no primary energy resources of its own, has adopted a renewable national energy policy. Lithuania aspires to generate 45 percent of its power and 90 percent of its heat from renewable sources, in line with the European Green Deal’s climate neutrality ambition [32]. Wind energy is essential, accounting for 55 percent of planned electricity generation; however, wind turbine installations in 2022 fell well short [33]. To aid in the transition to independence, the EU approved a 193 million EUR support package for Lithuanian wind projects in 2023 [34]. Wind energy is not only a cost-effective and ecologically good choice, but it has already made a significant contribution, with 76 wind farms generating close to 20 percent of the nation’s electricity consumption in 2022 [35]. Aside from its environmental impact, the wind energy sector contributes to economic development by creating jobs and circulating millions into local economies, highlighting its critical position in Lithuania’s sustainable energy future [36,37].

3.3. Turbine Challenges and Opportunities

Wind turbine technology has seen an extraordinary evolution over the last two decades, represented by an ongoing effort to optimising efficiency [38]. The advancements in blade design and the precision of pitch control systems are at the heart of this progression [38,39] Simultaneously, wind turbine strength remains a major aspect, necessitating continued research into material selection. The current objective of R&D is to find solutions capable of withstanding the diverse and frequently harsh environmental conditions in which these turbines operate [40]. The search for durability and resilience is not just an engineering priority; it is also a requirement for sustainable energy solutions. Additionally, predictive technologies are being developed in response to maintenance and dependability difficulties, particularly in remote places [41]. The goal is to minimise downtime while also ensuring the economic viability of wind energy installations. This push for predictive maintenance improves individual turbine operational efficiency [41,42]. Likewise, power integration into electrical grids presents a unique set of issues due to its naturally inconsistent nature [43,44]. To ensure grid stability, complex control systems and energy storage options must be deployed. Overcoming these obstacles is important for establishing wind energy as a reliable and consistent contributor to the total energy mix [32]. Lastly, the regulatory environment and policy frameworks have a significant impact on wind energy implementation. Permitting processes that are streamlined are critical for accelerating the deployment of wind projects [45].

3.4. Environmental Impact of Turbines

To gain access to the finest wind resources, turbines must be taller than the nearest neighboring buildings [46]. This means that some visual impact is unavoidable. Hence, the impact can be reduced by avoiding installing turbines in sensitive landscapes, carefully positioning them to take into account views from sensitive sites, and utilising landscape elements such as trees and hills [46]. Nevertheless, when the sun shines through the turbine blades, it can create a shadow-flickering effect [47]. This can be prevented if turbines are properly situated or configured to stop straightaway if a shadow flicker occurs [48]. Furthermore, wind turbine noise may be a source of concern for some, particularly in rural areas with little background noise. Modern turbines are designed to make very little noise, and much of the noise on a windy day will come from the wind itself [49]. On the other hand, wind turbines, if placed incorrectly, may have an influence on birds through collisions, or disturbances [50]. Globally, wildlife organisations agree to build wind farms as long as they are located and built to have the least impact on bird populations [51]. This includes avoiding placing turbines near significant migration routes and important habitats. Also, when planning a wind energy project, the risk to bats of the proposed location should be considered. Appropriate steps, such as situating them a minimum distance away from hedgerows and trees, should be taken during planning and design to limit damage [52]. All the above constraints were taken into account by using calculators and tools shown in the Appendix A.

4. Results

The turbines themselves do not require a large amount of space for wind energy production. Hence, the construction is typically placed in the fields on farmer’s land [53]. As a result, landowners can receive revenue while allowing farming activities to continue around the turbine’s base. Simultaneously, turbine owners can generate green energy while also contributing to the local grid [54]. Nonetheless, wind turbines not only have considerable energy potential, but they also bring several project issues throughout their life cycle (see

Table 3. Wind Turbine Life Cycle Challenge.

Design	Construction	Operation	Deconstruction
Regulations	Logistics	Service	Sustainability
Requirements	Machinery	Machinery	Environment
Terrain	Environment	Spare Parts	Skilled Labour
Wind Resource	Skilled Labour	Control and Environment	Logistics
Site Preparation		Data	Machinery

).

Identifying the ideal site for the structure is time-consuming and difficult in the early stages. The site of a wind turbine is critical for its efficiency and energy production, necessitating substantial geographical considerations [55]. The windiest regions in a specific geographical region have a significant impact on the site search process. However, governmental and environmental regulations have a role in determining the location of a wind turbine. Hence, each wind turbine project must be approved by various authorities, a process that might take years [56]. Moving forward in the life cycle, site preparation activities are required to be completed. Concrete foundations need to be prepared to withstand the structure’s heavyweights [57]. More complexity arises when the foundational layer must be connected to the grid [58]. When wind turbines are located far from the grid, more power is lost, and potentially more building work is required. However, the total construction process may have a significant environmental impact, especially because the building work must be conducted twice—once when the foundations are built and again when they are demolished and recycled [55,57]

Furthermore, once the site is prepared, transporting long wind turbine components becomes tricky. The wind turbine tower, nacelle, and blades must be transported to the chosen location, which is often performed via conventional routes. The complexity rises if the blade or tower is not modular, necessitating the transport of the entire structure intact [58]. In such cases, the project team must conduct extensive route planning activities, considering every turn and potential road obstacles [59].

The cost of transportation increases if the component does not fit, necessitating road construction or destruction. Worse, major miscalculations may result in a completely new route, causing local disorder [58]. So, when wind turbine components are delivered to the site, installation challenges arise. Heavy-duty cranes with significant weight and lifting capacity are required [60]. The process becomes more complex as the team addresses wind speeds during installation. Wind turbines have specific installation requirements related to weather conditions, and adverse weather can slow down progress, requiring halting operations until conditions improve [60,61]. Lifting heavy parts as high as 200 m in the sky becomes risky and costly if something goes wrong. The maintenance challenges begin once the turbines are operational. Accessing components at great heights necessitates the use of specialised equipment again [62]. In addition, when components such as gearboxes, generators, and long blades are included, the complexity rises. Highly skilled labor and knowledge of mechanical and electrical systems are required [63]. Ultimately, the diverse weather conditions can have an impact on maintenance team performance. Without frequent, high-quality maintenance, the wind turbine will not be able to generate its full potential, extending the time to return on investment [54,63].

Lastly, monitoring systems installed in wind turbines collect a massive amount of data throughout the wind turbine’s lifecycle. Wind turbine data, such as all data, necessitates analysis and implementation activities, requiring ongoing resources on a larger scale. However, if used correctly, the data can predict and schedule maintenance activities based on individual turbine component wear and tear [64]. Utilising data for wind turbine maintenance and operation helps to reduce the impact of downtime on overall energy production [65]. Overall, while wind turbines offer benefits in terms of renewable energy, their life cycle poses challenges [66]. As research considers building the V171-7.2 (V1) wind turbine in Lithuania, the sub-chapters that follow investigate and address key challenges. First, the technical requirements of the turbine are investigated to provide a clear image of the manufacturer’s minimum specifications. Following that, regulatory criteria, such as wildlife and surrounding residences, are taken into account. Finally, the national electrical network is considered and briefly explored. As a result, the optimal location of the wind turbine was investigated.

When determining the optimal site for a wind turbine in Lithuania, it is first required to understand the size of the searchable area. The nation covers an area of 65,300 square kilometers and boasts a varied internal water landscape [67]. It is currently characterised by a complex network of rivers and lakes, covering 1200 square kilometers [68]. Additionally, approximately 22,030 square kilometers are covered by forests, while 11,150 square kilometers fall under environmental protection laws [69]. This geographical composition already renders 52.6 percent of the land unsuitable for the wind turbine project. However, despite these constraints, the search for a potential site continues. The weather data obtained from the Global Wind Atlas [37,70] presents a valuable resource, revealing a consistent pattern of mild to moderate winds across the country (see Figure 3).

Within a short coastal zone extending 20–25 km, the Baltic Sea’s influence on wind patterns is evident [37]. Wind speed steadily decreases as one moves away from the sea due to greater surface roughness. Remarkably, an analysis of the geographical distribution of wind intensity exposes specific wind speed patterns [71]. Throughout the year, the strongest winds are prevalent along the coast and in the Curonian Lagoon, while the southeastern plains experience the weakest winds [71]. At a height of 10 m, the average speed varies, with a value of 4.58 m/s. However, at an altitude of 200 m above sea level, the speed shows considerable disparity, with the slowest reported average speed being 7.63 m/s and the fastest reaching 10.5 m/s [37]. Overall, this insightful data aids in pinpointing potential locations that align with the highest wind conditions for optimal energy generation. As a result, the investigation uncovers the top windiest places in the country at 200 m altitude (see Figure 4).

Four locations in western Lithuania are being evaluated for suitable wind turbine installations. All these regions have speeds close to 10 m/s. The assumption served as the foundation for removing other comparable windy locations in the east. Because of the huge and lengthy size of wind turbine parts, it is expected that the turbine components will be transported by ship through the port of Klaipeda in western Lithuania. As a result, only locations with the highest average wind and closest proximity to the port were chosen, excluding other windiest sites from the scope of the examination. Nonetheless, two of the four viable places are near the border. According to the investigation, Lithuania has a strict outer layer of restricted territory for any type of commercial construction (see Figure 5) [70].

The bright red colour in the above figure represents national defense objects and regions, taking into consideration national security requirements, construction limitations, and military radar protection zones [72,73,74,75]. Two of the selected locations are in a construction-restricted region. Notably, two specific sites within the chosen locations fall within areas characterised by restricted construction regulations. Consequently, sites two and four were excluded from the roster of potential locations for wind turbines, primarily due to the challenges associated with obtaining permits for constructing wind farms in these zones. Analysis of the perimeter of the third location, spanning around 95 square kilometers, reveals a landscape dominated by dense forests, residential zones, and a substantial lake. Hence, the first region has been chosen for the upcoming examination of the location of a wind turbine (see Figure 6).

This region covers about 600 square kilometers and is home to 24 small to medium-sized cities. Each city, regardless of size or character, is an important aspect of the local community. The majority of these towns are located on the region’s northeast side. Given the presence of settlements in the area, it is possible to argue that there is a consistent and reasonable demand for power. The close existing highway crossing, as well as the nearby highway road lighting system, increase demand in this location. However, not every section of the selected region proves to be suitable for the implementation of the wind turbine project. The detailed analysis demonstrates that the greatest concern arises in regions designated as restricted or residential zones, as well as within the limits of national parks and reserves. The problem is further complicated by the ambition to locate the turbine near the grid. Still, an examination of Lithuania’s preserved regions, grid connectivity, and existing infrastructure enabled a comparison, ultimately leading to the determination of the potential area in the region’s south. The site features a flat earth surface, medium-high energy demand, proximity to the grid, highway access, and favorable northwest winds. The precise location of the V1 installation, on the other hand, was determined during the sensemaking process and is indicated by geographical coordinates at Latitude 55°34′55.80″ N and Longitude 22°12′2.02″ E. A red pin has been used to represent this location (see Figure 7).

A designated site in the southern part of the chosen area has been selected based on several considerations. First, at 200 m in height, the area is dominated by a west-northwest wind of 9.92 m per second [37]. Next, due to its proximity to residential areas, the nearest house is situated 1.18 m away. Similarly, the distance between the grid and the A1 highway is only 2 km. Also, there is a gravel road situated nearby, with a width of approximately 5.5 m, designed for local use. Notably, the area already has existing infrastructure, and there is no need for tree cutting. When it comes to energy usage, there is one city, two towns, seven villages, and six small-medium manufacturing units within driving distance. Nonetheless, eight wind turbines are located close to the area (see Figure 8).

The wind park in the area, constructed between 2010 and 2015, generates approximately 12 megawatts from its eight wind turbines. The study indicated that all turbines are currently operational, with an average tower height of 70 m [76]. The wind park is located 20 km away from one of the best-rated locations for wind turbines, rated with a P75 value [77]. This value indicates that the dominant west-northwest winds exceed 75 percent of the time. On the other hand, the closest wind turbine is 690 m away. Looking from the V1 wind turbine perspective, the nearest wind turbine is only 4.3 rotor diameters away. Nevertheless, it is relevant to note that if the wind originates from the south, the V1 wind turbine and the existing wind turbine would not interfere with each other, thanks to their distinct operational heights. The site is situated 75 km from Klaipeda harbor, with approximately 98 percent of this distance covered by the A1 highway, located 2 km away. Subsequent investigation revealed that the height of the wind blade cargo exceeds the clearance of certain highway bridges. As a result, an extra 8 km must be added to the route, diverting the cargo onto smaller roads. This brings the total distance for transporting the wind turbine components to 85 km.

5. Discussion

The chosen location in Lithuania for the installation of the V171-7.2 (V1) wind turbine offers various advantages. The favorable wind conditions in the region, with average speeds surpassing 10 m/s, are closely aligned with the technical requirements for optimal energy generation. Furthermore, the accessibility of existing infrastructure, such as highways and roads, improves the availability of transportation and maintenance operations. The closeness of cities and manufacturing plants suggests a steady and fair demand for power, which supports the region’s selection. Tall and powerful wind turbines, such as the V1, have impactful benefits. The increased tower height compared to ones already built nearby allows for the advantage of stronger wind speeds and lower air densities at higher altitudes [78]. Simultaneously, the blades’ expanded length allows them to sweep bigger areas, efficiently catching stronger winds [79]. Also, increased rotor size may significantly improve capacity factors, which indicate the average power output of the turbine throughout the year [80]. Hence, this design consideration not only improves the turbine’s overall performance but also helps to reduce the cost of energy production per megawatt-hour, providing financial benefits [78]. To determine the actual energy generation of the V1 wind turbine, it is necessary to conduct assessments of its energy production. Hence, meteorological data show a wind speed of 9.92 m/s at 200 m altitude, while the V1 hub height is 199 m. Using the wind profile power law for neutral atmospheric conditions (1/7), the projected wind speed at the hub height is 9.88 m/s. After determining the wind speed at the hub height, the next step is to figure out the expected output power. This is accomplished using the “Omnicalculator” software [81]. The estimated output power of 3.94 MW can be calculated by entering factors such as blade length (84 m), wind speed (9.88 m/s), assumed efficiency (35%), and wake losses (5%). In addition to the calculated output power of approximately 4 MW under normal conditions, it is important to recognise the dynamic nature of wind turbines. Despite the nominal capacity of 7.2 MW on paper, real-world factors such as atmospheric variations, turbulence, and other technical errors contribute to the difference in actual energy generation.

5.1. Cost Perspective

However, in assessing the viability of the V1 wind turbine project, a comprehensive analysis of costs is required. A project such as V1 in Lithuania presents various costs, particularly in terms of turbine component shipping and installation. The additional weight of longer blades creates constraints, potentially resulting in higher expenses [80,82]. Following that, an analysis based on output value, local electricity price, and costs within the broad cost portfolio—including purchase, transportation, preparation, installation, operational, de-construction, and maintenance— should be considered. First and foremost, an examination of capital costs is essential. This involves highlighting the initial investment required for the procurement of hardware preparation. Given the technological marvel that the V1 wind turbine represents, acquiring it is not expected to be a budget-friendly activity. Moreover, the construction of such a substantial turbine necessitates unique foundations capable of withstanding the immense load it carries. This entails the purchase and installation of thousands of kilograms of steel rods and concrete at the site under specific requirements [83]. Additionally, the transportation of the V1 wind turbine from the manufacturing plant to the assembly site incurs substantial resources, encompassing both time and monetary investments. Once the wind turbine is successfully installed, ongoing operating costs become a significant consideration. These costs involve routine maintenance and potential repairs to ensure the sustained functionality of the turbine. Furthermore, overhead costs, accounting for indirect expenses, should be factored in. Given the technical specifics of operating and maintaining the V1 wind turbine, there may be a need for investments in human capital to ensure optimal functioning and longevity of the wind energy infrastructure. An often-overlooked aspect in the financial analysis is the consideration of dismantling and disposal costs, encompassing the entire life cycle of the project.

Additionally, the installation of such large-scale blades raises issues beyond the wind energy industry [82]. The drive for innovation affects a wide range of companies, including heavy-duty vehicles and very tall cranes [83]. Transporting long wind turbine blades, for example, necessitates creative logistics techniques. A prime example is the development of a blade lifter, which makes use of the inclination of the blades to assist efficient transportation [84,85]. Additionally, innovative cranes designed for on-site installation of these heavy components are being developed [86]. These cranes are engineered to withstand higher wind speeds when contrasted with their conventional counterparts [87]. Addressing the challenges associated with the weight and length of these components necessitates collaboration across diverse industries. Only by fostering unified technological development projects such as V1 could we realise benefits that extend across the entire renewable energy landscape.

On the other hand, planning for the end-of-life phase is important. In addition to these direct costs, evaluating the expected residual value of the project is needed. This factor can significantly influence the overall financial outlook of the project. For instance, if there is potential for repurposing components or selling them after the turbine’s operational life, it can contribute positively to the project’s financial sustainability. Overall, a holistic approach to the financial analysis of the V1 wind turbine project involves meticulous consideration of capital, operating, overhead, and end-of-life costs, along with an evaluation of potential residual value. By addressing these aspects comprehensively, stakeholders can make informed decisions about the project’s feasibility and sustainability.

Additionally, the V1 post-construction examination should be performed regularly throughout its operating duration. Wind turbine owners should actively collect and analyse data to discover problems that may impact the turbine’s performance [88]. Considerations such as error losses, MTBF (mean time between failures), and MTTR (mean time to repair) must all be analysed [89]. Stakeholders might potentially improve wind turbine efficiency and dependability by understanding and solving these issues. Continuous technological improvements, together with regular analytical techniques, offer the opportunity to optimise the V1 turbine’s energy production. As a result, proactive adjustments have the potential to reduce frequent downtime, eventually maximising the turbine’s total efficiency throughout its operational lifespan [88,89].

5.2. Environmental Considerations

A proactive plan, beginning with site preparation, is essential to ensure that the V1 wind turbine has the least potential environmental impact in Lithuania. At this stage, planning is essential to limit any damage to existing infrastructure, such as roads and bridges. Innovative construction methods and technologies may aid in reducing delays and avoiding unnecessary road adjustments. Furthermore, prioritising landscape preservation and applying soil protection measures may aid in reducing the environmental impact of site preparation activities [90,91]. Additionally, waste management issues need to be addressed as soon as turbine construction begins. Creating an effective waste management plan requires accurately categorising and disposing of construction debris [92]. Priority should be given to recycling and reusing resources, with an emphasis on reducing total environmental impact. The project may help both the local population and the greater environmental landscape if sustainable waste management practices are included from the start. However, addressing the issue of bird mortality is another critical component of responsible wind turbine construction [93]. Bird-friendly design aspects, such as proper location, the use of bird-safe materials, and the installation of bird deterrent measures, can help lessen the risk to bird populations [94,95]. Regular monitoring and research can aid in the development of adaptive strategies for reducing the effects of probable consequences on local species. Lastly, upon reaching the end of its life cycle, the primary goal for demolishing the wind turbine site should be to minimise disruption as much as possible [96]. Approaches to deconstruction that prioritise recyclable components have the potential to reduce waste and environmental impact. This technique would align with sustainability goals by increasing resource efficiency and lowering the demand for additional raw materials [96,97]. As a result, environmentally friendly demolition processes, such as controlled demolition and material recycling, can contribute to a longer project lifespan.

5.3. Limitations and Future Work

The study’s limitations are acknowledged in the paper. To begin, the investigation is based solely on current data and information. The lack of real-time data on turbine component weights, for example, limits the complete study of logistical routes and potential soil implications, putting uncertainty into the overall feasibility analysis. Furthermore, the study focuses exclusively on technical and legal aspects, ignoring potential socioeconomic factors that could influence the project’s performance. Finally, the complete financial analysis is limited to a theoretical discussion of capital, operating, overhead, and end-of-life costs rather than extensive data.

To address the stated shortcomings, future studies should prioritise acquiring real-time data on turbine component weights for a more precise logistical route feasibility analysis. It is also important to broaden the study’s scope to include a complete examination of socioeconomic aspects such as economic feasibility, government incentives, and community engagement. To overcome the constraint of financial analysis, detailed data should be acquired for a more detailed economic feasibility study.

6. Conclusions

The research analysed the beneficial effects and challenges of installing Vestas’ V171-7.2 MW (V1) wind turbine in Lithuania. The study’s goal was to determine the most suitable location for the turbine while also taking into account many environmental and financial factors throughout the project. Based on wind speed, transportation distance, and regulatory requirements, four of the best locations have been found. Once the extensive evaluation at one specific area had been completed, researchers were able to pick V1 turbine deployment in the western part of Lithuania. The location was chosen based on wind speed, existing infrastructure, and neighboring residency. The V1 turbine poses significant engineering challenges as well as requirements due to its large tower height and blade length. Local building restrictions, wind speed at the site, distance to residential areas, and highway regulations all play a vital part in project success. Aside from the technological hurdles, the study looked at the economic and environmental aspects of locating a wind turbine V1. Financial considerations should include capital expenditures, operating costs, overhead, and after-construction expenses, as well as residual value. Furthermore, issues related to the environment, such as site preparation, waste management, and bird mortality, are critical for wind turbine construction and operation. To summarise, when it comes to renewable energy initiatives, it is necessary to remember that bigger is not always better. While enormous wind turbines such as the V1 can generate a lot of electricity, their scale comes with its own set of issues. With larger construction projects the challenges of locating suitable locations, securing governmental clearances, and navigating logistical routes become more apparent. Smaller-scale projects may offer benefits such as ease of integration into existing landscapes, decreased environmental imprint, and more community acceptance. As a result, to ensure a more sustainable integration into local ecosystems, such projects should carefully balance the benefits and challenges connected with the size of the energy infrastructure.