Assessing the Impact of Lichens on Saint Simeon Church, Paşabağ Valley (Cappadocia, Turkey): Potential Damaging Effects versus Protection from Rainfall and Winds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description: Historical, Geological, and General Climatic Features
2.2. Biological Colonization Assessments and Mapping of Deterioration Patterns: In Situ Observations and Sampling Procedure
- South/East Exposure: 5 samples (Ril1a, Ril1b, Ril1c, Ril1d, Ril1e) (Figure 2a);
- North/East Exposure: 6 samples (Ril3a, Ril3b, Ril3c, Ril3d, Ril3e, Ril3f) (Figure 2b);
- North/West Exposure: 14 samples (Ril4a, Ril4b, Ril4c, Ril4d, Ril4e, Ril4f, Ril4g, Ril4h, Ril4i, Ril4l, Ril4m, Ril4n, Ril4o, Ril4p) (Figure 2c);
- West exposure: 2 samples (Ril5a, Ril5b) (Figure 2d);
- South/West exposure: 1 sample (Ril6a) (Figure 2d).
2.3. Lichen Identification
2.4. Penetration Assessment
2.5. Climatic Elaborations and Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) Calculation
- FL: an empirical constant, typically 0.2 kg s/(m3·mm);
- U: the hourly mean wind speed [m/s];
- rh: the hourly rainfall [mm/h];
- θ: the angle between the wind direction and the normal to the wall surface [°].
- rbvMY: annual mean WDR [kg/(m2·a)];
- Σ: summation over all hours where cosθ is positive;
- U: hourly mean wind speed in m/s;
- θ: the angle between the wind direction and the normal to the wall surface [°];
- rh: hourly rainfall intensity in mm/h;
- N: number of years over which the data are collected.
3. Results
3.1. Lichen Identification and Distribution
3.2. Penetration Assesment
3.2.1. South/East Exposure
3.2.2. North/East Exposure
3.2.3. North/West Exposure
3.2.4. West Exposure
3.2.5. South/West Exposure
3.3. Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) and Other Weather Data
3.3.1. Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) and Dominant Winds
3.3.2. Temperatures
4. Discussion
4.1. Lichen Colonization and Penetration in the Rocks
4.2. Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) and Other Weather Data
4.3. Stone Weathering and Biodeterioration vs. Bioprotection
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey | Ril1 | Ril3 | Ril4 | Ril5 | Ril6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure | 120° SE | 20° NE | 326° NW | 280° W | 229 °SW |
Slope (°) | 80° | 90° | 80° | 70° | 75° |
Species Identified | |||||
Acarospora versicolor | 2 | ||||
Placynthium sp. | 1 | ||||
Lecanora sp. | 4 | ||||
Candelariella aurella | 2 | ||||
Acarospora impressula | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Lecidella stigmatea | 2 | ||||
Lecanora pannonica | 1 | 2 | |||
Lecidea gruppo auriculata | 1 | ||||
Rhizocarpon geographicum | + | ||||
Xanthoparmelia verruculifera | 1 | ||||
Tephromela atra | 1 | 2 | |||
Physconia grisea | + | ||||
Blastenia crenularia | + | ||||
Lecidea lapicida | 1 | ||||
Acarospora sulphurata | 2 | ||||
Lichen not identified (a) | 2 | ||||
Lichen not identified (b) | 1 | ||||
Lichen not identified (c) | + | ||||
Lichen not identified (d) | 4 | ||||
Bryophytes | 3 | ||||
Total coverage following the Braun-Blanquet scale | 90% | 50% | 95–100% | 80–90% | 80–90% |
Deterioration pattern | |||||
Exfoliation | Very Low | Very High | Very Low | Low | Very Low |
Erosion | Very High | Very High | High | High | High |
MONTH | South/East | North/East | North/West | West | South/West | Total WDR for Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
October 2019 | 3.75 | 1.53 | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 6.68 |
November 2019 | 4.98 | 3.61 | 7.30 | 7.80 | 4.78 | 28.47 |
December 2019 | 29.89 | 31.12 | 39.08 | 27.23 | 12.77 | 140.09 |
January 2020 | 0.50 | 31.32 | 57.90 | 56.04 | 33.30 | 179.05 |
February 2020 | 4.52 | 6.03 | 47.93 | 71.94 | 55.56 | 185.97 |
March 2020 | 5.47 | 97.64 | 79.33 | 39.19 | 30.70 | 252.33 |
April 2020 | 4.40 | 14.05 | 12.32 | 8.56 | 10.86 | 50.19 |
May 2020 | 22.17 | 8.56 | 9.33 | 25.74 | 50.56 | 116.36 |
June 2020 | 47.08 | 10.97 | 28.93 | 26.27 | 7.97 | 121.23 |
July 2020 | 0.00 | 26.62 | 32.84 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 59.62 |
August 2020 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
September 2020 | 1.09 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 1.53 |
Total 2019–2020 | 157.99 | 231.47 | 315.60 | 229.20 | 207.24 | |
Average 2000–2020 | 162.82 | 315.92 | 379.57 | 297.72 | 279.66 | |
SEASON | South/East | North/East | North/West | West | South/West | |
Winter | 34.90 | 68.46 | 144.91 | 155.20 | 35.83 | 439.31 |
Spring | 32.04 | 120.26 | 100.99 | 73.48 | 101.6 | 428.38 |
Summer | 47.08 | 37.59 | 61.78 | 26.35 | 92.1 | 264.91 |
Autumn | 9.83 | 5.17 | 7.93 | 8.31 | 8.1 | 39.28 |
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Casanova Municchia, A.; Giordani, P.; Taniguchi, Y.; Caneva, G. Assessing the Impact of Lichens on Saint Simeon Church, Paşabağ Valley (Cappadocia, Turkey): Potential Damaging Effects versus Protection from Rainfall and Winds. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166943
Casanova Municchia A, Giordani P, Taniguchi Y, Caneva G. Assessing the Impact of Lichens on Saint Simeon Church, Paşabağ Valley (Cappadocia, Turkey): Potential Damaging Effects versus Protection from Rainfall and Winds. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166943
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasanova Municchia, Annalaura, Paolo Giordani, Yoko Taniguchi, and Giulia Caneva. 2024. "Assessing the Impact of Lichens on Saint Simeon Church, Paşabağ Valley (Cappadocia, Turkey): Potential Damaging Effects versus Protection from Rainfall and Winds" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166943